[Agatonovic et al. 08]   
M. Agatonovic, N. Aswani, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, T. Heitz, Y. Li, I. Roberts, and V. Tablan. Large-scale, parallel automatic patent annotation. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Patent information retrieval (PaIR ’08, 30 October 2008, PaIR ’08, pages 1–8, New York, NY, USA, October 2008. ACM.

[Ao & Takagi 05]   
H. Ao and T. Takagi. ALICE: an algorithm to extract abbreviations from MEDLINE. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 12(5):576–586, 2005.

[Aronson & Lang 10]   
A. R. Aronson and F.-M. Lang. An overview of MetaMap: historical perspective and recent advances. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA), 17:229–236, 2010.

[Aswani & Gaizauskas 09]   
N. Aswani and R. Gaizauskas. Evolving a General Framework for Text Alignment: Case Studies with Two South Asian Languages. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Translation: Twenty-Five Years On, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK, November 2009.

[Aswani & Gaizauskas 10]   
N. Aswani and R. Gaizauskas. Developing Morphological Analysers for South Asian Languages: Experimenting with the Hindi and Gujarati Languages. In 7th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), La Valletta, Malta, May 2010. ELRA.

[Aswani et al. 05]   
N. Aswani, V. Tablan, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Indexing and Querying Linguistic Metadata and Document Content. In Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP2005), Borovets, Bulgaria, 2005.

[Aswani et al. 06]   
N. Aswani, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Mining information for instance unification. In 5th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2006), Athens, Georgia, USA, 2006.

[Azar 89]   
S. Azar. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Prentice Hall Regents, 1989.

[Baker et al. 02]   
P. Baker, A. Hardie, T. McEnery, H. Cunningham, and R. Gaizauskas. EMILLE, A 67-Million Word Corpus of Indic Languages: Data Collection, Mark-up and Harmonisation. In Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC’2002), pages 819–825, 2002.

[Bird & Liberman 99]   
S. Bird and M. Liberman. A Formal Framework for Linguistic Annotation. Technical Report MS-CIS-99-01, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 1999. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.CL/9903003.

[Bontcheva & Sabou 06]   
K. Bontcheva and M. Sabou. Learning Ontologies from Software Artifacts: Exploring and Combining Multiple Sources. In Workshop on Semantic Web Enabled Software Engineering (SWESE), Athens, G.A., USA, November 2006.

[Bontcheva 04]   
K. Bontcheva. Open-source Tools for Creation, Maintenance, and Storage of Lexical Resources for Language Generation from Ontologies. In Proceedings of 4th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC’04), 2004.

[Bontcheva 05]   
K. Bontcheva. Generating Tailored Textual Summaries from Ontologies. In Second European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’2005), 2005.

[Bontcheva et al. 00]   
K. Bontcheva, H. Brugman, A. Russel, P. Wittenburg, and H. Cunningham. An Experiment in Unifying Audio-Visual and Textual Infrastructures for Language Processing R&D. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000, Luxembourg, 2000. http://gate.ac.uk/.

[Bontcheva et al. 02a]   
K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, and O. Hamza. Using GATE as an Environment for Teaching NLP. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies in Teaching NLP, 2002. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/acl02/gate4teaching.pdf.

[Bontcheva et al. 02b]   
K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, and H. Saggion. Developing Reusable and Robust Language Processing Components for Information Systems using GATE. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Natural Language and Information Systems (NLIS’2002), Aix-en-Provence, France, 2002. IEEE Computer Society Press. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/nlis/nlis.ps.

[Bontcheva et al. 02c]   
K. Bontcheva, M. Dimitrov, D. Maynard, V. Tablan, and H. Cunningham. Shallow Methods for Named Entity Coreference Resolution. In Chaînes de références et résolveurs d’anaphores, workshop TALN 2002, Nancy, France, 2002. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/taln02/taln-ws-coref.pdf.

[Bontcheva et al. 03]   
K. Bontcheva, A. Kiryakov, H. Cunningham, B. Popov, and M. Dimitrov. Semantic web enabled, open source language technology. In EACL workshop on Language Technology and the Semantic Web: NLP and XML, Budapest, Hungary, 2003. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/eacl03-semweb/bontcheva-etal-final.pdf.

[Bontcheva et al. 04]   
K. Bontcheva, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, and H. Cunningham. Evolving GATE to Meet New Challenges in Language Engineering. Natural Language Engineering, 10(3/4):349—373, 2004.

[Bontcheva et al. 06a]   
K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, A. Kiryakov, and V. Tablan. Semantic Annotation and Human Language Technology. In J. Davies, R. Studer, and P. Warren, editors, Semantic Web Technology: Trends and Research. John Wiley and Sons, 2006.

[Bontcheva et al. 06b]   
K. Bontcheva, J. Davies, A. Duke, T. Glover, N. Kings, and I. Thurlow. Semantic Information Access. In J. Davies, R. Studer, and P. Warren, editors, Semantic Web Technologies. John Wiley and Sons, 2006.

[Bontcheva et al. 09]   
K. Bontcheva, B. Davis, A. Funk, Y. Li, and T. Wang. Human Language Technologies. In J. Davies, M. Grobelnik, and D. Mladenic, editors, Semantic Knowledge Management, pages 37–49. 2009.

[Bontcheva et al. 10]   
K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, I. Roberts, and V. Tablan. Web-based collaborative corpus annotation: Requirements and a framework implementation. In Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks, 17–23 May 2010, pages 20–27, Valletta, Malta, May 2010.

[Bontcheva et al. 13]   
K. Bontcheva, L. Derczynski, A. Funk, M. A. Greenwood, D. Maynard, and N. Aswani. TwitIE: An Open-Source Information Extraction Pipeline for Microblog Text. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013.

[Booch 94]   
G. Booch. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 2nd Edn. Benjamin/Cummings, 1994.

[Bosma & Vossen 10]   
W. Bosma and P. Vossen. Bootstrapping language-neutral term extraction. In 7th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Valletta, Malta, 2010.

[Brugman et al. 99]   
H. Brugman, K. Bontcheva, P. Wittenburg, and H. Cunningham. Integrating Multimedia and Textual Software Architectures for Language Technology. Technical report MPI-TG-99-1, Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1999.

[Caporaso et al. 07]   
J. G. Caporaso, W. A. B. Jr., D. A. Randolph, K. B. Cohen, , and L. Hunter. MutationFinder: A high-performance system for extracting point mutation mentions from text. Bioinformatics, 23(14):1862–1865, 2007.

[Carletta 96]   
J. Carletta. Assessing agreement on classification tasks: the Kappa statistic. Computational Linguistics, 22(2):249–254, 1996.

[Chang & Lin 11]   
C.-C. Chang and C.-J. Lin. LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 2(3), 2011.

[Chinchor 92]   
N. Chinchor. MUC-4 Evaluation Metrics. In Proceedings of the Fourth Message Understanding Conference, pages 22–29, 1992.

[Cimiano et al. 03]   
P. Cimiano, S.Staab, and J. Tane. Automatic Acquisition of Taxonomies from Text: FCA meets NLP. In Proceedings of the ECML/PKDD Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining, pages 10–17, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003.

[Cobuild 99]   
C. Cobuild, editor. English Grammar. Harper Collins, 1999.

[Cunningham & Bontcheva 05]   
H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva. Computational Language Systems, Architectures. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, pages 733–752, 2005.

[Cunningham & Scott 04a]   
H. Cunningham and D. Scott. Introduction to the Special Issue on Software Architecture for Language Engineering. Natural Language Engineering, 2004. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/jnle-sale/intro/intro-main.pdf.

[Cunningham & Scott 04b]   
H. Cunningham and D. Scott, editors. Special Issue of Natural Language Engineering on Software Architecture for Language Engineering. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

[Cunningham 94]   
H. Cunningham. Support Software for Language Engineering Research. Technical Report 94/05, Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST, Manchester, 1994.

[Cunningham 99a]   
H. Cunningham. A Definition and Short History of Language Engineering. Journal of Natural Language Engineering, 5(1):1–16, 1999.

[Cunningham 99b]   
H. Cunningham. JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine. Research Memorandum CS–99–06, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, May 1999.

[Cunningham 00]   
H. Cunningham. Software Architecture for Language Engineering. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2000. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/thesis/.

[Cunningham 02]   
H. Cunningham. GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering. Computers and the Humanities, 36:223–254, 2002.

[Cunningham 05]   
H. Cunningham. Information Extraction, Automatic. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, pages 665–677, dec 2005.

[Cunningham et al. 94]   
H. Cunningham, M. Freeman, and W. Black. Software Reuse, Object-Oriented Frameworks and Natural Language Processing. In New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP-1), 14-16 September 1994, pages 357–367, Manchester, 1994. UCL Press.

[Cunningham et al. 95]   
H. Cunningham, R. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. A General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) – a new approach to Language Engineering R&D. Technical Report CS–95–21, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.CL/9601009.

[Cunningham et al. 96a]   
H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, and M. Stower. CREOLE Developer’s Manual. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/gate.

[Cunningham et al. 96b]   
H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. TIPSTER-Compatible Projects at Sheffield. In Advances in Text Processing, TIPSTER Program Phase II. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann, California, 1996.

[Cunningham et al. 96c]   
H. Cunningham, Y. Wilks, and R. Gaizauskas. GATE – a General Architecture for Text Engineering. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-96), Copenhagen, August 1996. ftp://ftp.dcs.shef.ac.uk/home/hamish/auto_papers/Cun96b.ps.

[Cunningham et al. 96d]   
H. Cunningham, Y. Wilks, and R. Gaizauskas. Software Infrastructure for Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the AISB Workshop on Language Engineering for Document Analysis and Recognition, Brighton, U.K., April 1996.

[Cunningham et al. 96e]   
H. Cunningham, Y. Wilks, and R. Gaizauskas. New Methods, Current Trends and Software Infrastructure for NLP. In Proceedings of the Conference on New Methods in Natural Language Processing (NeMLaP-2), Bilkent University, Turkey, September 1996. ftp://ftp.dcs.shef.ac.uk/home/hamish/auto_papers/Cun96c.ps.

[Cunningham et al. 97a]   
H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. GATE – a TIPSTER-based General Architecture for Text Engineering. In Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase III) 6 Month Workshop. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann, California, May 1997. ftp://ftp.dcs.shef.ac.uk/home/hamish/auto_papers/Cun97e.ps.

[Cunningham et al. 97b]   
H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. Software Infrastructure for Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97), March 1997. ftp://ftp.dcs.shef.ac.uk/home/hamish/auto_papers/Cun97a.ps.gz.

[Cunningham et al. 98a]   
H. Cunningham, W. Peters, C. McCauley, K. Bontcheva, and Y. Wilks. A Level Playing Field for Language Resource Evaluation. In Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 1998. http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/ hamish/dalr.

[Cunningham et al. 98b]   
H. Cunningham, M. Stevenson, and Y. Wilks. Implementing a Sense Tagger within a General Architecture for Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on New Methods in Language Engineering (NeMLaP-3), pages 59–72, Sydney, Australia, 1998.

[Cunningham et al. 99]   
H. Cunningham, R. Gaizauskas, K. Humphreys, and Y. Wilks. Experience with a Language Engineering Architecture: Three Years of GATE. In Proceedings of the AISB’99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP, Edinburgh, April 1999. The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour. http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/ hamish/GateAisb99.html.

[Cunningham et al. 00a]   
H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, W. Peters, and Y. Wilks. Uniform language resource access and distribution in the context of a General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE). In Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontologies and Language Resources (OntoLex’2000), Sozopol, Bulgaria, September 2000. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ontolex/ontolex.ps.

[Cunningham et al. 00b]   
H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, V. Tablan, and Y. Wilks. Software Infrastructure for Language Resources: a Taxonomy of Previous Work and a Requirements Analysis. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2000), 30 May – 2 Jun 2000, pages 815–824, Athens, Greece, 2000.

[Cunningham et al. 00c]   
H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, V. Tablan, and Y. Wilks. Experience of using GATE for NLP R&D. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000, Luxembourg, 2000. http://gate.ac.uk/.

[Cunningham et al. 00d]   
H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, and V. Tablan. JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine (Second Edition). Research Memorandum CS–00–10, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, November 2000.

[Cunningham et al. 02]   
H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and V. Tablan. GATE: an Architecture for Development of Robust HLT Applications. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, 7–12 July 2002, ACL ’02, pages 168–175, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, 2002. Association for Computational Linguistics.

[Cunningham et al. 03]   
H. Cunningham, V. Tablan, K. Bontcheva, and M. Dimitrov. Language Engineering Tools for Collaborative Corpus Annotation. In Proceedings of Corpus Linguistics 2003, Lancaster, UK, 2003. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/cl03/distrib-ollie-cl03.doc.

[Damljanovic & Bontcheva 08]   
D. Damljanovic and K. Bontcheva. Enhanced Semantic Access to Software Artefacts. In Workshop on Semantic Web Enabled Software Engineering (SWESE), Karlsruhe, Germany, October 2008.

[Damljanovic 10]   
D. Damljanovic. Towards Portable Controlled Natural Languages for Querying Ontologies. In M. Rosner and N. Fuchs, editors, Second Workshop on Controlled Natural Languages, volume 622 of CEUR Workshop Pre-Proceedings ISSN 1613-0073. http://ceur-ws.org, Marettimo Island, Italy, September 2010.

[Damljanovic et al. 08]   
D. Damljanovic, V. Tablan, and K. Bontcheva. A Text-based Query Interface to OWL Ontologies. In 6th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Marrakech, Morocco, May 2008. ELRA.

[Damljanovic et al. 09]   
D. Damljanovic, F. Amardeilh, and K. Bontcheva. CA Manager Framework: Creating Customised Workflows for Ontology Population and Semantic Annotation. In Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Knowledge Capture (KCAP’09), California, USA, September 2009.

[Davies & Fleiss 82]   
M. Davies and J. Fleiss. Measuring Agreement for Multinomial Data. Biometrics, 38:1047–1051, 1982.

[Davis et al. 06]   
B. Davis, S. Handschuh, H. Cunningham, and V. Tablan. Further use of Controlled Natural Language for Semantic Annotation of Wikis. In Proceedings of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop at ISWC2006, Athens, Georgia, USA, November 2006.

[Day et al. 97]   
D. Day, J. Aberdeen, L. Hirschman, R. Kozierok, P. Robinson, and M. Vilain. Mixed-Initiative Development of Language Processing Systems. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97), 1997.

[Della Valle et al. 08]   
E. Della Valle, D. Cerizza, I. Celino, A. Turati, H. Lausen, N. Steinmetz, M. Erdmann, and A. Funk. Realizing Service-Finder: Web service discovery at web scale. In European Semantic Technology Conference (ESTC), Vienna, September 2008.

[Derczynski et al. 13]   
L. Derczynski, A. Ritter, S. Clark, and K. Bontcheva. Twitter Part-of-Speech Tagging for All: Overcoming Sparse and Noisy Data. In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013.

[Dimitrov 02a]   
M. Dimitrov. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. MSc Thesis, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 2002. http://www.ontotext.com/ie/thesis-m.pdf.

[Dimitrov 02b]   
M. Dimitrov. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. MSc Thesis, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 2002. http://www.ontotext.com/ie/thesis-m.pdf.

[Dimitrov et al. 02]   
M. Dimitrov, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, and D. Maynard. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. In Proceedings of the Fourth Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC), Lisbon, 2002.

[Dimitrov et al. 04]   
M. Dimitrov, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, and D. Maynard. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. In A. Branco, T. McEnery, and R. Mitkov, editors, Anaphora Processing: Linguistic, Cognitive and Computational Modelling. John Benjamins, 2004.

[Dowman et al. 05a]   
M. Dowman, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham, and B. Popov. Content augmentation for mixed-mode news broadcasts. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Interactive Television: User Centred ITV Systems, Programmes and Applications, Aalborg University, Denmark, 2005. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/euro-itv-2005/content-augmentation-for-mixed-mode-news-broadcast-consumption.pdf.

[Dowman et al. 05b]   
M. Dowman, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham, and B. Popov. Web-assisted annotation, semantic indexing and search of television and radio news. In Proceedings of the 14th International World Wide Web Conference, Chiba, Japan, 2005.

[Dowman et al. 05c]   
M. Dowman, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham, C. Ursu, and B. Popov. Semantically enhanced television news through web and video integration. In Second European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’2005), 2005.

[DUC 01]   
NIST. Proceedings of the Document Understanding Conference, September 13 2001.

[Eugenio & Glass 04]   
B. D. Eugenio and M. Glass. The kappa statistic: a second look. Computational Linguistics, 1(30), 2004. (squib).

[Finkel et al. 05]   
J. Finkel, T. Grenager, and C. Manning. Incorporating non-local information into information extraction systems by Gibbs sampling. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 363–370. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2005.

[Fleiss 75]   
J. L. Fleiss. Measuring agreement between two judges on the presence or absence of a trait. Biometrics, 31:651–659, 1975.

[Frakes & Baeza-Yates 92]   
W. Frakes and R. Baeza-Yates, editors. Information retrieval, data structures and algorithms. Prentice Hall, New York, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992.

[Funk et al. 07a]   
A. Funk, D. Maynard, H. Saggion, and K. Bontcheva. Ontological integration of information extracted from multiple sources. In Multi-source Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization (MMIES) workshop at Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP07), pages 9–15, Borovets, Bulgaria, September 2007.

[Funk et al. 07b]   
A. Funk, V. Tablan, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, B. Davis, and S. Handschuh. CLOnE: Controlled Language for Ontology Editing. In Proceedings of the 6th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2007), Busan, Korea, November 2007.

[Gaizauskas et al. 95]   
R. Gaizauskas, T. Wakao, K. Humphreys, H. Cunningham, and Y. Wilks. Description of the LaSIE system as used for MUC-6. In Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6), 6–8 November 1995, pages 207–220. Morgan Kaufmann, California, 1995.

[Gaizauskas et al. 96a]   
R. Gaizauskas, P. Rodgers, H. Cunningham, and K. Humphreys. GATE User Guide. http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/gate, 1996.

[Gaizauskas et al. 96b]   
R. Gaizauskas, H. Cunningham, Y. Wilks, P. Rodgers, and K. Humphreys. GATE – an Environment to Support Research and Development in Natural Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI-96), Toulouse, France, October 1996. ftp://ftp.dcs.shef.ac.uk/home/robertg/ictai96.ps.

[Gaizauskas et al. 03]   
R. Gaizauskas, M. A. Greenwood, M. Hepple, I. Roberts, H. Saggion, and M. Sargaison. The University of Sheffield’s TREC 2003 Q&A Experiments. In In Proceedings of the 12th Text REtrieval Conference, 2003.

[Gaizauskas et al. 04]   
R. Gaizauskas, M. A. Greenwood, M. Hepple, I. Roberts, H. Saggion, and M. Sargaison. The University of Sheffield’s TREC 2004 Q&A Experiments. In In Proceedings of the 13th Text REtrieval Conference, 2004.

[Gaizauskas et al. 05]   
R. Gaizauskas, M. A. Greenwood, M. Hepple, H. Harkema, H. Saggion, and A. Sanka. The University of Sheffield’s TREC 2005 Q&A Experiments. In In Proceedings of the 11th Text REtrieval Conference, 2005.

[Gambäck & Olsson 00]   
B. Gambäck and F. Olsson. Experiences of Language Engineering Algorithm Reuse. In Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 155–160, Athens, Greece, 2000.

[Gazdar & Mellish 89]   
G. Gazdar and C. Mellish. Natural Language Processing in Prolog. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.

[Gooch 12]   
P. Gooch. Badrex: In situ expansion and coreference of biomedical abbreviations using dynamic regular expressions. Technical report, City University London, London, 2012.

[Greenwood et al. 02]   
M. A. Greenwood, I. Roberts, and R. Gaizauskas. The University of Sheffield’s TREC 2002 Q&A Experiments. In In Proceedings of the 11th Text REtrieval Conference, 2002.

[Grishman 97]   
R. Grishman. TIPSTER Architecture Design Document Version 2.3. Technical report, DARPA, 1997. http://www.itl.nist.gov/div894/894.02/related_projects/tipster/.

[Hepple 00]   
M. Hepple. Independence and commitment: Assumptions for rapid training and execution of rule-based POS taggers. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2000), Hong Kong, October 2000.

[Hripcsak & Heitjan 02]   
G. Hripcsak and D. Heitjan. Measuring agreement in medical informatics reliability studies. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 35:99–110, 2002.

[Hripcsak & Rothschild 05]   
G. Hripcsak and A. S. Rothschild. Agreement, the F-measure, and Reliability in Information Retrieval. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 12(3):296–298, 2005.

[Humphreys et al. 96]   
K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, H. Cunningham, and S. Azzam. CREOLE Module Specifications. http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/nlp/gate/, 1996.

[Humphreys et al. 98]   
K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, S. Azzam, C. Huyck, B. Mitchell, H. Cunningham, and Y. Wilks. Description of the LaSIE system as used for MUC-7. In Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7). http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/index.html, 1998.

[Humphreys et al. 99]   
K. Humphreys, R. Gaizauskas, M. Hepple, and M. Sanderson. The University of Sheffield TREC-8 Q&A System. In In Proceedings of the 8th Text REtrieval Conference, 1999.

[Ide et al. 00]   
N. Ide, P. Bonhomme, and L. Romary. XCES: An XML-based Standard for Linguistic Corpora. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2000), 30 May – 2 Jun 2000, pages 825–830, Athens, Greece, 2000.

[Jackson 75]   
M. Jackson. Principles of Program Design. Academic Press, London, 1975.

[Jin et al. 06]   
Y. Jin, R. T. McDonald, K. Lerman, M. A. Mandel, S. Carroll, M. Y. Liberman, F. C. Pereira, R. S. Winters, , and P. S. White. Automated recognition of malignancy mentions in biomedical literature. BMC Bioinformatics, 7:492–499, 2006.

[Kiryakov 03]   
A. Kiryakov. Ontology and Reasoning in MUMIS: Towards the Semantic Web. Technical Report CS–03–03, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://gate.ac.uk/gate/doc/papers.html.

[Kohlschütter et al. 10]   
C. Kohlschütter, P. Fankhauser, and W. Nejdl. Boilerplate Detection using Shallow Text Features. In Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, 2010.

[Laclavik & Maynard 09]   
M. Laclavik and D. Maynard. Motivating intelligent email in business: an investigation into current trends for email processing and communication research. In Proceedings of Workshop on Emails in e-Commerce and Enterprise Context, 11th IEEE Conference on Commerce and Enterprise Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2009.

[Lal & Ruger 02]   
P. Lal and S. Ruger. Extract-based summarization with simplification. In Proceedings of the ACL 2002 Automatic Summarization / DUC 2002 Workshop, 2002. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/ srueger/pr-p.lal-2002/duc02-final.pdf.

[Lal 02]   
P. Lal. Text summarisation. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Imperial College, London, 2002.

[Li & Bontcheva 08]   
Y. Li and K. Bontcheva. Adapting support vector machines for f-term-based classification of patents. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, 7(2):7:1–7:19, 2008.

[Li & Cunningham 08]   
Y. Li and H. Cunningham. Geometric and Quantum Methods for Information Retrieval. SIGIR Forum, 42(2):22–32, 2008.

[Li & Shawe-Taylor 03]   
Y. Li and J. Shawe-Taylor. The SVM with Uneven Margins and Chinese Document Categorization. In Proceedings of The 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC17), Singapore, Oct. 2003.

[Li & Shawe-Taylor 06]   
Y. Li and J. Shawe-Taylor. Using KCCA for Japanese-English Cross-language Information Retrieval and Document Classification. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 27(2):117–133, 2006.

[Li & Shawe-Taylor 07]   
Y. Li and J. Shawe-Taylor. Advanced Learning Algorithms for Cross-language Patent Retrieval and Classification. Information Processing and Management, 43(5):1183–1199, 2007.

[Li et al. 02]   
Y. Li, H. Zaragoza, R. Herbrich, J. Shawe-Taylor, and J. Kandola. The Perceptron Algorithm with Uneven Margins. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2002), pages 379–386, 2002.

[Li et al. 04]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. An SVM Based Learning Algorithm for Information Extraction. Machine Learning Workshop, Sheffield, 2004. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ml-ws04/mlw2004.pdf.

[Li et al. 05a]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Using Uneven Margins SVM and Perceptron for Information Extraction. In Proceedings of Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2005), 2005.

[Li et al. 05b]   
Y. Li, C. Miao, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Perceptron Learning for Chinese Word Segmentation. In Proceedings of Fourth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language processing (Sighan-05), pages 154–157, Korea, 2005.

[Li et al. 05c]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. SVM Based Learning System For Information Extraction. In J. Winkler, M. Niranjan, and N. Lawerence, editors, Deterministic and Statistical Methods in Machine Learning: First International Workshop, 7–10 September, 2004, volume 3635 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 319–339, Sheffield, UK, 2005. Springer.

[Li et al. 07a]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Hierarchical, Perceptron-like Learning for Ontology Based Information Extraction. In 16th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2007), pages 777–786, May 2007.

[Li et al. 07b]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Cost Sensitive Evaluation Measures for F-term Patent Classification. In The First International Workshop on Evaluating Information Access (EVIA 2007), 15 May 2007, pages 44–53, Tokyo, Japan, May 2007.

[Li et al. 07c]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Experiments of opinion analysis on the corpora MPQA and NTCIR-6. In Proceedings of the Sixth NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access, pages 323–329, May 2007.

[Li et al. 07d]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. SVM Based Learning System for F-term Patent Classification. In Proceedings of the Sixth NTCIR Workshop Meeting on Evaluation of Information Access Technologies: Information Retrieval, Question Answering and Cross-Lingual Information Access, pages 396–402, May 2007.

[Li et al. 09]   
Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Adapting SVM for Data Sparseness and Imbalance: A Case Study on Information Extraction. Natural Language Engineering, 15(2):241–271, 2009.

[Lombard et al. 02]   
M. Lombard, J. Snyder-Duch, and C. C. Bracken. Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28:587–604, 2002.

[LREC-1 98]   
Conference on Language Resources Evaluation (LREC-1), Granada, Spain, 1998.

[LREC-2 00]   
Second Conference on Language Resources Evaluation (LREC-2), Athens, 2000.

[Maeda & Strassel 04]   
K. Maeda and S. Strassel. Annotation Tools for Large-Scale Corpus Development: Using AGTK at the Linguistic Data Consortium. In Proceedings of 4th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC’2004), 2004.

[Manning & Schütze 99]   
C. Manning and H. Schütze. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. MIT press, Cambridge, MA, 1999. Supporting materials available at http://www.sultry.arts.usyd.edu.au/fsnlp/ .

[Manov et al. 03]   
D. Manov, A. Kiryakov, B. Popov, K. Bontcheva, and D. Maynard. Experiments with geographic knowledge for information extraction. In Workshop on Analysis of Geographic References, HLT/NAACL’03, Edmonton, Canada, 2003. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/hlt03/paper03.pdf.

[Marsh & Perzanowski 98]   
E. Marsh and D. Perzanowski. Muc-7 evaluation of ie technology: Overview of results. In Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7). http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/related_projects/muc/index.html, 1998.

[Maynard & Greenwood 14]   
D. Maynard and M. A. Greenwood. Who cares about sarcastic tweets? Investigating the impact of sarcasm on sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of LREC 2014, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2014.

[Maynard 05]   
D. Maynard. Benchmarking ontology-based annotation tools for the semantic web. In UK e-Science Programme All Hands Meeting (AHM2005) Workshop on Text Mining, e-Research and Grid-enabled Language Technology, Nottingham, UK, 2005.

[Maynard 08]   
D. Maynard. Benchmarking textual annotation tools for the semantic web. In Proc. of 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008.

[Maynard et al. 00]   
D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, R. Catizone, G. Demetriou, R. Gaizauskas, O. Hamza, M. Hepple, P. Herring, B. Mitchell, M. Oakes, W. Peters, A. Setzer, M. Stevenson, V. Tablan, C. Ursu, and Y. Wilks. A Survey of Uses of GATE. Technical Report CS–00–06, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 2000.

[Maynard et al. 01]   
D. Maynard, V. Tablan, C. Ursu, H. Cunningham, and Y. Wilks. Named Entity Recognition from Diverse Text Types. In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2001 Conference, pages 257–274, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria, 2001.

[Maynard et al. 02a]   
D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, and O. Hamza. Using a Text Engineering Framework to Build an Extendable and Portable IE-based Summarisation System. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Text Summarisation, pages 19–26, Phildadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2002. ACM.

[Maynard et al. 02b]   
D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, and M. Dimitrov. Adapting a robust multi-genre NE system for automatic content extraction. In Proceedings of the 10^th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA’02), Varna, Bulgaria, Sep 2002.

[Maynard et al. 02c]   
D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, and M. Dimitrov. Adapting A Robust Multi-Genre NE System for Automatic Content Extraction. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA 2002), 2002.

[Maynard et al. 02d]   
D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, and R. Gaizauskas. Named entity recognition at sheffield university. In H. Holmboe, editor, Nordic Language Technology – Arbog for Nordisk Sprogtechnologisk Forskningsprogram 2002-2004, pages 141–145. Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 2002.

[Maynard et al. 02e]   
D. Maynard, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham, C. Ursu, H. Saggion, K. Bontcheva, and Y. Wilks. Architectural Elements of Language Engineering Robustness. Journal of Natural Language Engineering – Special Issue on Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data, 8(2/3):257–274, 2002.

[Maynard et al. 03a]   
D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. From information extraction to content extraction. Submitted to EACL’2003, 2003.

[Maynard et al. 03b]   
D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Towards a semantic extraction of named entities. In G. Angelova, K. Bontcheva, R. Mitkov, N. Nicolov, and N. Nikolov, editors, Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP’03), pages 255–261, Borovets, Bulgaria, Sep 2003. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ranlp03/ranlp03.pdf.

[Maynard et al. 03c]   
D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Towards a semantic extraction of Named Entities. In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, Bulgaria, 2003.

[Maynard et al. 03d]   
D. Maynard, V. Tablan, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Rapid customisation of an Information Extraction system for surprise languages. Special issue of ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing: Rapid Development of Language Capabilities: The Surprise Languages, 2:295–300, 2003.

[Maynard et al. 03e]   
D. Maynard, V. Tablan, and H. Cunningham. NE recognition without training data on a language you don’t speak. In ACL Workshop on Multilingual and Mixed-language Named Entity Recognition: Combining Statistical and Symbolic Models, Sapporo, Japan, 2003.

[Maynard et al. 04a]   
D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Automatic Language-Independent Induction of Gazetteer Lists. In Proceedings of 4th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC’04), Lisbon, Portugal, 2004. ELRA.

[Maynard et al. 04b]   
D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, A. Kourakis, and A. Kokossis. Ontology-Based Information Extraction in hTechSight. In First European Semantic Web Symposium (ESWS 2004), Heraklion, Crete, 2004.

[Maynard et al. 04c]   
D. Maynard, M. Yankova, N. Aswani, and H. Cunningham. Automatic Creation and Monitoring of Semantic Metadata in a Dynamic Knowledge Portal. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA 2004), Varna, Bulgaria, 2004.

[Maynard et al. 06]   
D. Maynard, W. Peters, and Y. Li. Metrics for evaluation of ontology-based information extraction. In WWW 2006 Workshop on Evaluation of Ontologies for the Web (EON), Edinburgh, Scotland, 2006.

[Maynard et al. 07a]   
D. Maynard, W. Peters, M. d’Aquin, and M. Sabou. Change management for metadata evolution. In ESWC International Workshop on Ontology Dynamics (IWOD), Innsbruck, Austria, June 2007.

[Maynard et al. 07b]   
D. Maynard, H. Saggion, M. Yankova, K. Bontcheva, and W. Peters. Natural Language Technology for Information Integration in Business Intelligence. In 10th International Conference on Business Information Systems (BIS-07), Poznan, Poland, 25-27 April 2007.

[Maynard et al. 08a]   
D. Maynard, W. Peters, and Y. Li. Evaluating evaluation metrics for ontology-based applications: Infinite reflection. In Proc. of 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008.

[Maynard et al. 08b]   
D. Maynard, Y. Li, and W. Peters. NLP Techniques for Term Extraction and Ontology Population. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge - Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text. IOS Press, 2008.

[Maynard et al. 09]   
D. Maynard, A. Funk, and W. Peters. SPRAT: a tool for automatic semantic pattern-based ontology population. In International Conference for Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web, Trento, Italy, September 2009.

[McDonald & Pereira 05]   
R. McDonald and F. Pereira. Identifying Gene and Protein Mentions in Text Using Conditional Random Fields. BMC Bioinformatics, 6(Suppl 1):S6, 2005.

[McDonald et al. 04]   
R. T. McDonald, R. S. Winters, M. Mandel, Y. Jin, P. S. White, and F. Pereira. An entity tagger for recognizing acquired genomic variations in cancer literature. Bioinformatics, 20(17):3249–3251, 2004.

[McEnery et al. 00]   
A. McEnery, P. Baker, R. Gaizauskas, and H. Cunningham. EMILLE: Building a Corpus of South Asian Languages. Vivek, A Quarterly in Artificial Intelligence, 13(3):23–32, 2000.

[Osenova & Simov 04]   
P. Osenova and K. Simov. BulTreeBank stylebook. Technical Report BTB-TR05, BulTreeBank Project, May 2004.

[Pastra et al. 02]   
K. Pastra, D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, O. Hamza, and Y. Wilks. How feasible is the reuse of grammars for named entity recognition? In Proceedings of the 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2002. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/lrec2002/reusability.ps.

[Peters et al. 98]   
W. Peters, H. Cunningham, C. McCauley, K. Bontcheva, and Y. Wilks. Uniform Language Resource Access and Distribution. In Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 1998.

[Polajnar et al. 05]   
T. Polajnar, V. Tablan, and H. Cunningham. User-friendly ontology authoring using a controlled language. Technical Report CS Report No. CS-05-10, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2005.

[Porter 80]   
M. Porter. An algorithm for suffix stripping. Program, 14(3):130–137, 1980.

[Ramshaw & Marcus 95]   
L. Ramshaw and M. Marcus. Text Chunking Using Transformation-Based Learning. In Proceedings of the Third ACL Workshop on Very Large Corpora, 1995.

[Saggion & Funk 09]   
H. Saggion and A. Funk. Extracting opinions and facts for business intelligence. RNTI Journal, E(17):119–146, November 2009.

[Saggion & Gaizauskas 04a]   
H. Saggion and R. Gaizauskas. Mining on-line sources for definition knowledge. In Proceedings of the 17th FLAIRS 2004, Miami Bearch, Florida, USA, May 17-19 2004. AAAI.

[Saggion & Gaizauskas 04b]   
H. Saggion and R. Gaizauskas. Multi-document summarization by cluster/profile relevance and redundancy removal. In Proceedings of the Document Understanding Conference 2004. NIST, 2004.

[Saggion & Gaizauskas 05]   
H. Saggion and R. Gaizauskas. Experiments on statistical and pattern-based biographical summarization. In Proceedings of EPIA 2005, pages 611–621, 2005.

[Saggion 04]   
H. Saggion. Identifying definitions in text collections for question answering. lrec. In Proceedings of Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. ELDA, 2004.

[Saggion 06]   
H. Saggion. Multilingual Multidocument Summarization Tools and Evaluation. In Proceedings of LREC 2006, 2006.

[Saggion 07]   
H. Saggion. Shef: Semantic tagging and summarization techniques applied to cross-document coreference. In Proceedings of SemEval 2007, Assocciation for Computational Linguistics, pages 292–295, June 2007.

[Saggion et al. 02a]   
H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, D. Maynard, C. Ursu, O. Hamza, and Y. Wilks. Access to Multimedia Information through Multisource and Multilanguage Information Extraction. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2002), Stockholm, Sweden, 2002.

[Saggion et al. 02b]   
H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, O. Hamza, C. Ursu, and Y. Wilks. Extracting Information for Information Indexing of Multimedia Material. In Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC’2002), 2002. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/lrec2002/mumis_lrec2002.ps.

[Saggion et al. 03a]   
H. Saggion, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Robust Generic and Query-based Summarisation. In Proceedings of the European Chapter of Computational Linguistics (EACL), Research Notes and Demos, 2003.

[Saggion et al. 03b]   
H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, D. Maynard, O. Hamza, and Y. Wilks. Multimedia Indexing through Multisource and Multilingual Information Extraction; the MUMIS project. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 48:247–264, 2003.

[Saggion et al. 03c]   
H. Saggion, J. Kuper, H. Cunningham, T. Declerck, P. Wittenburg, M. Puts, F. DeJong, and Y. Wilks. Event-coreference across Multiple, Multi-lingual Sources in the Mumis Project. In Proceedings of the European Chapter of Computational Linguistics (EACL), Research Notes and Demos, 2003.

[Saggion et al. 07]   
H. Saggion, A. Funk, D. Maynard, and K. Bontcheva. Ontology-based information extraction for business applications. In Proceedings of the 6th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2007), Busan, Korea, November 2007.

[Schwartz & Hearst 03]   
A. S. Schwartz and M. A. Hearst. A simple algorithm for identifying abbreviation definitions in biomedical text. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, pages 451–462, 2003.

[Scott & Gaizauskas. 00]   
S. Scott and R. Gaizauskas. The University of Sheffield TREC-9 Q&A System. In In Proceedings of the 9th Text REtrieval Conference, 2000.

[Settles 05]   
B. Settles. ABNER: An open source tool for automatically tagging genes, proteins, and other entity names in text. Bioinformatics, 21(14):3191–3192, 2005.

[Shaw & Garlan 96]   
M. Shaw and D. Garlan. Software Architecture. Prentice Hall, New York, 1996.

[Simov & Osenova 03]   
K. Simov and P. Osenova. Practical annotation scheme for an HPSG treebank of Bulgarian. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreteted Corpora (LINC-2003), Budapest, Hungary, 2003.

[Simov et al. 02]   
K. Simov, G. Popova, and P. Osenova. HPSG-based syntactic treebank of Bulgarian (BulTreeBank). In A. Wilson, P. Rayson, and T. McEnery, editors, A Rainbow of Corpora: Corpus Linguistics and the Languages of the World, pages 135–142. Lincom-Europa, Munich, 2002.

[Simov et al. 04a]   
K. Simov, P. Osenova, A. Simov, and M. Kouylekov. Design and implementation of the Bulgarian HPSG-based treebank. Journal of Research on Language and Computation, 2(4):495–522, December 2004.

[Simov et al. 04b]   
K. Simov, P. Osenova, and M. Slavcheva. BulTreeBank morphosyntactic tagset. Technical Report BTB-TR03, BulTreeBank Project, March 2004.

[Stevenson et al. 98]   
M. Stevenson, H. Cunningham, and Y. Wilks. Sense tagging and language engineering. In Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-98), pages 185–189, Brighton, U.K., 1998.

[Tablan et al. 02]   
V. Tablan, C. Ursu, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, O. Hamza, T. McEnery, P. Baker, and M. Leisher. A Unicode-based Environment for Creation and Use of Language Resources. In 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Las Palmas, Canary Islands – Spain, 2002. ELRA. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/iesl03/iesl03.pdf.

[Tablan et al. 03]   
V. Tablan, K. Bontcheva, D. Maynard, and H. Cunningham. Ollie: on-line learning for information extraction. In SEALTS ’03: Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 2003 workshop on Software engineering and architecture of language technology systems, volume 8, pages 17–24, Morristown, NJ, USA, 2003. Association for Computational Linguistics. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/hlt03/ollie-sealts.pdf.

[Tablan et al. 06a]   
V. Tablan, W. Peters, D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, and K. Bontcheva. Creating tools for morphological analysis of sumerian. In 5th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Genoa, Italy, May 2006. ELRA.

[Tablan et al. 06b]   
V. Tablan, T. Polajnar, H. Cunningham, and K. Bontcheva. User-friendly Ontology Authoring Using a Controlled Language. In 5th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Genoa, Italy, May 2006. ELRA.

[Tablan et al. 08]   
V. Tablan, D. Damljanovic, and K. Bontcheva. A Natural Language Query Interface to Structured Information. In Proceedings of the 5h European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC, 1–5 June 2008), volume 5021 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 361–375, Tenerife, Spain, 1–5 June 2008. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

[Tanabe & Wilbur 02]   
L. Tanabe and W. J. Wilbur. Tagging Gene and Protein Names in Full Text Articles. In Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Natural Language Processing in the biomedical domain, 7–12 July 2002, volume 3, pages 9–13, Philadelphia, PA, 2002. Association for Computational Linguistics.

[Toutanova et al. 03]   
K. Toutanova, D. Klein, C. D. Manning, and Y. Singer. Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network. In Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology, NAACL ’03, pages 173–180, 2003.

[Tsuruoka et al. 05]   
Y. Tsuruoka, Y. Tateishi, J.-D. Kim, T. Ohta, J. McNaught, S. Ananiadou, and J. Tsujii. Developing a robust part-of-speech tagger for biomedical text. In P. Bozanis and E. Houstis, editors, Advances in Informatics: Proceedings of the 10th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics (PCI 2005), 11–13 November 2005, volume 3746 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 382–392, Volas, Greece, 2005. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[Ursu et al. 05]   
C. Ursu, T. Tablan, H. Cunningham, and B. Popav. Digital media preservation and access through semantically enhanced web-annotation. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Workshop on the Integration of Knowledge, Semantic and Digital Media Technologies (EWIMT 2005), London, UK, December 01 2005.

[van Rijsbergen 79]   
C. van Rijsbergen. Information Retrieval. Butterworths, London, 1979.

[Wang et al. 05]   
T. Wang, D. Maynard, W. Peters, K. Bontcheva, and H. Cunningham. Extracting a domain ontology from linguistic resource based on relatedness measurements. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2005), pages 345–351, Compiegne, France, Septmeber 2005.

[Wang et al. 06]   
T. Wang, Y. Li, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, and J. Wang. Automatic Extraction of Hierarchical Relations from Text. In Proceedings of the Third European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2006), Budva, Montenegro, 2006.

[Witten & Frank 99]   
I. H. Witten and E. Frank. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, October 1999.

[Wood et al. 03]   
M. M. Wood, S. J. Lydon, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, and H. Cunningham. Using parallel texts to improve recall in IE. In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, Bulgaria, 2003.

[Wood et al. 04]   
M. Wood, S. Lydon, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, and H. Cunningham. Populating a Database from Parallel Texts using Ontology-based Information Extraction. In Proceedings of NLDB 2004, 2004. http://gate.ac.uk/sale/nldb2004/NLDB.pdf.

[Yourdon 89]   
E. Yourdon. Modern Structured Analysis. Prentice Hall, New York, 1989.

[Yourdon 96]   
E. Yourdon. The Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer. Prentice Hall, New York, 1996.