
@BOOK{xxx1,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        ADDRESS            = {xxx},
        PUBLISHER          = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{xxx2,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        ADDRESS            = {xxx},
        BOOKTITLE          = {xxx},
        PAGES              = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}

@ARTICLE{xxx3,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        JOURNAL            = {xxx},
        NUMBER             = {xxx},
        PAGES              = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        VOLUME             = {xxx},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}

@TECHREPORT{xxx4,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        ADDRESS            = {xxx},
        INSTITUTION        = {xxx},
        NUMBER             = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{xxx6,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        NOTE               = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}

@INCOLLECTION{xxx7,
        AUTHOR             = {xxx},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{xxx}},
        CHAPTER            = {xxx},
        EDITOR             = {xxx},
        PAGES              = {xxx},
        PUBLISHER          = {xxx},
        TITLE              = {{xxx}},
        YEAR               = {20xxx}
}



@ARTICLE{a3iDayne,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Freitag},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI-98},
        PAGES              = {517-523},
        TITLE              = {Information Extraction From HTML: Application of a General Learning Approach},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{abbot-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~M.~Hochberg and S.~J.~Renals and A.~J.~Robinson and G.~D.~Cook},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {69--72},
        TITLE              = {Recent improvements to the {{\sc Abbot}} large vocabulary {CSR} system},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{abbot-icslp94,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~M.~Hochberg and S.~J.~Renals and A.~J.~Robinson and D.~J.~Kershaw},
        ADDRESS            = {Yokohama, Japan},
        BOOKTITLE          = icslp,
        PAGES              = {1499--1502},
        TITLE              = {Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition using a hybrid connectionist--{HMM} system},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INCOLLECTION{abbot-yellowbook96,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Robinson and M.~Hochberg and S.~Renals},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Automatic Speech and Speaker Recognition -- Advanced Topics},
        CHAPTER            = {10},
        EDITOR             = {C.~H.~Lee and K.~K.~Paliwal and F.~K.~Soong},
        PAGES              = {233--258},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {The use of recurrent networks in continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{abbot95,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~J.~Kershaw and A.~J.~Robinson and S.~J.~Renals},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop},
        TITLE              = {The 1995 {ABBOT} Hybrid Connectionist-HMM Large-Vocabulary Recognition System},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Abe85,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Abelson and G.J. Sussman and J. Sussman},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, Mass.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Abe95,
        AUTHOR             = {Aberdeen, J. and Burger, J. and Day, D. and Hirschman, L. and Robinson, P. and Vilain, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{MITRE: Description of the {\em Alembic} System Used for MUC-6}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Abn96,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Abney},
        JOURNAL            = {Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {337-344},
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        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Ack85,
        AUTHOR             = {Ackely, D.H. and Hinton, G.E. and Sejnowski, T.J.},
        JOURNAL            = {Cognitive Science 9},
        PAGES              = {147-169},
        TITLE              = {{A Learning Algorithm for Boltzmann Machines}},
        YEAR               = {1985},
        KEYWORDS           = {conn}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Acl97,
        KEY                = {ACL},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ACL},
        PUBLISHER          = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Ada82a,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Adams},
        PUBLISHER          = {Pan},
        TITLE              = {{Life, the Universe and Everything}},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Age82,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Agerwalak and Arvind},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Computer},
        PAGES              = {10-13},
        TITLE              = {Data Flow Systems: Guest Editor's Introduction},
        VOLUME             = {15},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Aho72,
        AUTHOR             = {Aho, A. V. and Ullman, J. D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice-Hall},
        TITLE              = {{The Theory of Parsing, Translating and Compiling. Vol 1 : Parsing}},
        YEAR               = {1972}
}

@BOOK{Ain88,
        AUTHOR             = {Ainsworth, W.A.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Peter Peregrinus / IEE},
        TITLE              = {{Speech Recognition by Machine}},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@BOOK{All95,
        AUTHOR             = {Allen, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Redwood City, CA},
        EDITION            = {2},
        PUBLISHER          = {Benjamin/Cummings},
        TITLE              = {{Natural Language Understanding}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{alleva-icassp93,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Alleva and X.~Huang and M.-Y.~Hwang},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {307--310},
        TITLE              = {{An improved search algorithm using incremental knowledge for continuous speech recognition}},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Alp66,
        AUTHOR             = {The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC)},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, D.C.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Division of Behavioural Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council},
        KEY                = {ALPAC},
        NUMBER             = {Publication 1416},
        TITLE              = {{Language and Machines. Computers in Translation and Linguistics}},
        YEAR               = {1966}
}

@ARTICLE{alphanets,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~S.~Bridle},
        JOURNAL            = {{Speech Communication}},
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        TITLE              = {{Alpha-nets: a recurrent neural network architecture with a hidden {Markov} model interpretation}},
        VOLUME             = {9},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Als87,
        AUTHOR             = {Alsahwi, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Memory and Context for Language Interpretation}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@BOOK{Als92,
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        EDITOR             = {Alshawi, H.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Core Language Engine}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Amsler80,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~A.~Amsler},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Texas at Austin},
        NUMBER             = {TR-164},
        TITLE              = {{The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Amsler81,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~A.~Amsler},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {133--138},
        TITLE              = {{A Taxonomy of English Nouns and Verbs}},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@TECHREPORT{AmslerWhite79,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~A.~Amsler and J.~S.~White},
        INSTITUTION        = {NSF},
        NUMBER             = {MCS77-01315},
        TITLE              = {{Development of a Computational Methodology for Deriving Natural Language Semantic Structures via Analysis of Machine-readable Dictionaries}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@TECHREPORT{Amt95,
        AUTHOR             = {J.W. Amtrup},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Hamburg},
        TITLE              = {{ICE -- INTARC Communication Environment User Guide and Reference Manual Version 1.4}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Amt99,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Amtrup},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://crl.nmsu.edu/\-shiraz/archi.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Architecture of the Shiraz Machine Translation System}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INCOLLECTION{And77,
        AUTHOR             = {S.R. Anderson},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Comment on the paper by Wasow in Culicover.},
        EDITOR             = {Wasow and Akmajian},
        PAGES              = {361-376},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{Formal Syntax}},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{And92,
        AUTHOR             = {Andersen, P.M. and Hayes, P.J. and Huettner, A.K. and Nirenburg, I.B. and Schmandt, L.M. and Weinstein, S.P.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing},
        PAGES              = {170-177},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Extraction of Facts from Press Releases to Generate News Stories}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{And94,
        AUTHOR             = {Androutsopoulos, I. and Ritchie, G. and Thanish, P.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
        NOTE               = {Research Paper no. 709},
        TITLE              = {{Natural Language Interfaces to Databases - An Introduction}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{And98,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Andr{\'e} and T. Rist and J. M{\"u}ller},
        JOURNAL            = {Knowledge-Based Systems},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {25-36},
        TITLE              = {{WebPersona: A Life-Like Presentation Agent for the World-Wide Web}},
        VOLUME             = {11},
        YEAR               = {1998},
        KEYWORDS           = {llc}
}

@BOOK{And99,
        EDITOR             = {E. Andr{\'e}},
        NOTE               = {Vol. 13, No. 4-5},
        TITLE              = {Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, Special Double Issue on Animated Interface Agents},
        YEAR               = {1999},
        KEYWORDS           = {llc},
        ABSTRACT = {}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Andersen92,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~M.~Andersen and P.~J.~Hayes and A.~K.~Huettner and I.~B.~Nirenburg and L.~M.~Schmandt and S.~P.~Weinstein},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing},
        PAGES              = {170--177},
        PUBLISHER          = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic extraction of facts from press releases to generate news stories}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Ang83,
        AUTHOR             = {Angluin, D. and Smith, C.H.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computer Surveys},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        TITLE              = {{Inductive Inference: Theory and Methods}},
        VOLUME             = {15},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{App93,
        AUTHOR             = {Appelt, D.E. and Hobbs, J.R. and Bear, J. and Israel, D. and Kameyama, M. and Tyson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fourth Message Understanding Conference {MUC-5}},
        PAGES              = {221-235},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Description of the {JV-FASTUS} System as Used for {MUC-5}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{App95,
        AUTHOR             = {Appelt, E. R. and Hobbs, J.R. and Bear, J. and Israel, D. and Kameyama,M. and Kehler, A. and Martin, D. and Myers, K. and Tyson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{SRI International FASTUS system: MUC-6 Test Results and Analysis}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{App99,
        AUTHOR             = {Appelt, D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence Communications},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {161-172},
        TITLE              = {{An Introduction to Information Extraction}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@BOOK{Appelt85,
        AUTHOR             = {Appelt, Douglas E.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        KEY                = {Appelt},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {Planning English Sentences},
        YEAR               = {1985},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Appelt86,
        AUTHOR             = {Appelt, Douglas E.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Readings in Natural Language Processing},
        EDITOR             = {B. Grosz, K. S. Jones, B. L. Webber},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Studies in Natural Language Processing},
        KEY                = {Appelt},
        PAGES              = {501 -- 517},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Planning {E}nglish Referring Expressions},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {Summarizes the work on KAMP},
        LOCATION           = {HC - ShfLib, Shef}
}

@BOOK{Apt89,
        AUTHOR             = {Apter, M.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Routledge},
        TITLE              = {{Reversal Theory: Motivation, Emotion and Personality}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{Arb86,
        AUTHOR             = {Arbib, M.A. and Hesse, M.B.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Construction of Reality}},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@BOOK{Arn98,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Arnold and J. Gosling},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{The Java Programming Language, Second Edition}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Arp93,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the Fifth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-5)}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Arp93b,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase I)}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Arp95,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Arp96,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase II)}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ash84,
        AUTHOR             = {Asher, N.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the non-monotonic reasoning workshop},
        ORGANIZATION       = {AAAI},
        PAGES              = {3-20},
        TITLE              = {{Lingusitic Understanding and Non-monotonic Reasoning}},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{AutoSlog,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Riloff},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {811-816},
        TITLE              = {Automatically Constructing a Dictionary for Information Extraction Tasks},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{AutoSlogTS,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Riloff},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {1044-1049},
        TITLE              = {Automatically Generating Extraction Patterns from Untagged Text},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Aux86,
        AUTHOR             = {Auxerre, P.},
        MONTH              = {June},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute},
        TITLE              = {{MASQUE Modular Answering System for Queries in English - User's Manual}},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Azz95a,
        AUTHOR             = {Saliha Azzam},
        JOURNAL            = {Thesis Paris Sorbonne University},
        SCHOOL             = {Paris Sorbonne University},
        TITLE              = {{Computation of Ambiguities (Anaphors and PPs) in NL texts. CLAM : The prototype.}},
        YEAR               = {1995a}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz95b,
        AUTHOR             = {Saliha Azzam},
        BOOKTITLE          = {14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'95)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Anaphors, PPs and Disambiguation Process for conceptual analysis.}},
        YEAR               = {1995b}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz96,
        AUTHOR             = {Azzam, S.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 34th meetings of the Asssociation for Computational Linguistics, {Santa Cruz : California}},
        TITLE              = {{Resolving Anaphors in Embedded Sentences}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz97,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Azzam and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {IJCAI-97},
        TITLE              = {{A Design for Multilingual Information Extraction} (poster)},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz97a,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Azzam and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the IJCAI-97 Workshop on Multilinguality in the Software Industry: the AI Contribution (MULSAIC-97)},
        EDITOR             = {Costas Spryrodopoulos},
        TITLE              = {{Using a Language Independent Domain Model for Multilingual Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz98,
        AUTHOR             = {Azzam,S. and Humphreys,K. and Gaizauskas,R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Linguistic Coreference Workshop, in First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Granada, Spain},
        TITLE              = {{Coreference Resolution in a Multilingual Information Extraction System}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Azz98a,
        AUTHOR             = {Azzam,S. and Humphreys,K. and Gaizauskas,R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING-ACL'98},
        PAGES              = {74-78},
        TITLE              = {{Evaluating a Focus-Based Approach to Anaphora Resolution}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Azz98b,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Azzam and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the IJCAI-97 Workshop on Multilinguality in the Software Industry: the AI Contribution (MULSAIC-97)},
        EDITOR             = {Costas Spryrodopoulos},
        JOURNAL            = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {{Using a Language Independent Domain Model for Multilingual Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Azz99a,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Azzam and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Special Issue on Multilinguality in Software Industry: the AI Contribution.},
        EDITOR             = {Costas Spryrodopoulos},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {{Using a Language Independent Domain Model for Multilingual Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@InProceedings{Azz99b,
  author = 	 {S. Azzam and K. Humphreys. and R. Gaizauskas},
  title = 	 {Using coreference chains for text summarization},
  booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of the ACL '99 Workshop on Coreference and its Applications},
  year =	 1999,
  address =	 {Maryland}
}

@BOOK{Ba+Wi91,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Ballim and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {{Artificial Believers}},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        DATE               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bagga98,
        AUTHOR             = {Bagga, Amit},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)},
        PUBLISHER          = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {Analysing the Complexity of a Domain with respect to an {I}nformation {E}xtraction task},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{bahl-it75,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and F.~Jelinek},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Information Theory}},
        PAGES              = {404--411},
        TITLE              = {Decoding for channels with insertions, deletions and substitutions with applications to speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@MISC{Bal95,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Ballim},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {LRE 62-050 Deliverable 1.2.1},
        TITLE              = {{Abstract Data Types for MULTEXT Tool I/O}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{BallimWilks91,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Ballim and Y.~Wilks},
        JOURNAL            = {User Modeling and user-adapted interaction},
        PAGES              = {33--65},
        TITLE              = {{Beliefs, Stereotypes and Dynamic agent Modelling}},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Bar81,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Barr and E.A. Feigenbaum},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Pitman},
        TITLE              = {{The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence Vol. I}},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Bar85,
        AUTHOR             = {Barwise, J. and Perry, J.},
        JOURNAL            = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Shifting Situations and Shaken Attitudes}},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{barnard-tnn93,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Barnard and E.~C.~Botha},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks}},
        PAGES              = {794--802},
        TITLE              = {Back-propagation uses prior information efficiently},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Bas96,
        AUTHOR             = {Basili, R. and Pazienza, M. T. and Velardi, P},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        NOTE               = {(in press)},
        TITLE              = {{An Empirical Symbolic Approach to NLP}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bas97,
        AUTHOR             = {Basili, R. and Della Rocca, M. and Pazienza, M.T.},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, D.C.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SIGLEX Workshop "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: What, why and how?"},
        MONTH              = {April},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ANLP},
        TITLE              = {{Towards a bootstrapping framework for corpus semantic tagging}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Bas97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Bass, L. and Clements, P.C. and Kazman, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture in Practice}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Basili97,
        AUTHOR             = {Basili, R. and Pazienza, M. and Velardi, P. and Catizone, R. and Collier, R. and Stevenson, M. and Wilks, Y. and Amsaldi, O. and Luk, A. and Vauthey, B. and Grandchamp, J.},
        NUMBER             = {version 1},
        TITLE              = {Extracting Case Relations from Corpora},
        TYPE               = {{ECRAN} Deliverable 2.4},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Basili98,
        AUTHOR             = {Basili, R. and Catizone, R. and Pazienza, M.T. and Stevenson, M. and Velardi, P. and Vindigni, M. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) Workshop on Adapting Lexical and Corpus Resources to Sublanguages and Applications},
        TITLE              = {An Empirical Approach to Lexical Tuning},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{BasiliPazienzaVelardi93,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Basili and M.~T.~Pazienza and P.~Velardi},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Machine Translation},
        PAGES              = {175--201},
        TITLE              = {{Acquisition of selectional patterns}},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bateman90-nlgw5-short,
        AUTHOR             = {John A. Bateman},
        ADDRESS            = {Pittsburgh, PA.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {5th. International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 3-6 June 1990},
        KEY                = {Bateman},
        TITLE              = {{Upper Modeling: organizing knowledge for natural language processing}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{baum-fb,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~E.~Baum and T.~Petrie and G.~Soules and N.~Weiss},
        JOURNAL            = {Annals of Mathematical Statistics},
        PAGES              = {164--171},
        TITLE              = {{A maximization technique occuring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of {Markov} chains}},
        VOLUME             = {41},
        YEAR               = {1970}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bbn-dialog93,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Yu and H.~Gish},
        ADDRESS            = {Minneapolis MN},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {383--386},
        TITLE              = {{Identification of speakers engaged in dialog}},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bbn-humsls95,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Miller and M.~Bates and R.~Bobrow and R.~Ingria and J.~Makhoul and R.~Schwartz},
        ADDRESS            = {Austin TX},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Spoken Language Systems Workshop},
        PAGES              = {276--279},
        TITLE              = {Recent progress in hidden understanding models},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bbn-icassp94,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Kubala and A.~Anastasakos and J.~Makhoul and L.~Nguyen and R.~Schwartz and G.~Zavaliagkos},
        ADDRESS            = {Adelaide},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {561--564},
        TITLE              = {{Comparative Experiments on Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition}},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INCOLLECTION{bbn-yellowbook96,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Schwartz and L.~Nguyen and J.~Makhoul},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Automatic Speech and Speaker Recognition -- Advanced Topics},
        CHAPTER            = {18},
        EDITOR             = {C.-H.~Lee and F.~K.~Soong and K.~K.~Paliwal},
        PAGES              = {429--456},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {Multiple-pass search strategies},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bbn:supervised-vq,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Yu and W.~Russell and R.~Schwartz and J.~Makhoul},
        ADDRESS            = Al,
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {685--688},
        TITLE              = {Discriminant analysis and supervised vector quantization for continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Bea90,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Beale and T. Jackson},
        ADDRESS            = {Bristol},
        PUBLISHER          = {Adam Hilger},
        TITLE              = {{Neural Computing: An Introduction}},
        YEAR               = {1990},
        KEYWORDS           = {conn}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bea95,
        AUTHOR             = {Beale, S. and Nirenburg, S. and Mahesh, K.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP-95)},
        TITLE              = {{Semantic Analysis in the Mikrokosmos Machine Translation Project}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Bec88,
        AUTHOR             = {Bechtel, W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, NJ},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {{Philosophy of Science: An Overview for Cognitive Science}},
        YEAR               = {1988}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{bellegarda-icassp96,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Bellegarda and J.~Butzberger and Y.~Chow and N.~Coccaro and D.~Naik},
        ADDRESS            = {Atlanta GA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {172--175},
        TITLE              = {A novel word clustering algorithm based on latent semantic analysis},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{bellman57,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Bellman},
        PUBLISHER          = {Princeton University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Dynamic Programming}},
        YEAR               = {1957}
}

@BOOK{Ber85,
        AUTHOR             = {Berwick, R.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Acquisition of Syntactic Knowledge}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Ber91,
        AUTHOR             = {Louis de Berni\`{e}res},
        PUBLISHER          = {Vintage},
        TITLE              = {{Se\~{n}or Vivo and the Coca Lord}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@TECHREPORT{Ber99,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Berners-Lee and D. Connolly and R.R Swick},
        ADDRESS            = {{\small {\tt http://www.w3.org/\-1999/04/WebData}}},
        INSTITUTION        = {W3C Consortium},
        TITLE              = {{Web Architecture: Describing and Exchanging Data}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{berry-siam95,
        AUTHOR             = {M. W. Berry and S. T. Dumais and G. W. {O'Brien}},
        JOURNAL            = {SIAM Review},
        PAGES              = {573--595},
        TITLE              = {Using linear algebra for intelligent information retrieval},
        VOLUME             = {37},
        YEAR               = {1995}
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@BOOK{Bib82,
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        ADDRESS            = {Braunschweig},
        PUBLISHER          = {Vieweg},
        TITLE              = {{Automated Theorem Proving}},
        YEAR               = {1982},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bie72,
        AUTHOR             = {Biermann, A.W. and Feldman, J.A.},
        ADDRESS            = {New YorkLondon},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Frontiers of Pattern Recognition},
        EDITOR             = {Watanabe,S.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{A Survey of Results in Grammatical Inference}},
        YEAR               = {1972}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bik97,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Bikel and S. Miller and R. Schwartz and R. Weischedel},
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        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Bik99a,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Bikel and R. Schwartz and R.M. Weischedel},
        JOURNAL            = {Machine Learning, Special Issue on Natural Language Learning},
        MONTH              = {Feb.},
        NUMBER             = {1-3},
        TITLE              = {{An Algorithm that Learns What's in a Name}},
        VOLUME             = {34},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BinotJensen87,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Binot and K.~Jensen},
        ADDRESS            = {Milan, Italy},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87)},
        PAGES              = {709--714},
        TITLE              = {{A Semantic Expert Using an Online Standard Dictionary}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bir00a,
        AUTHOR             = {Steven Bird and David Day and John Garofolo and John Henderson and Chris Laprun and Mark Liberman},
        ADDRESS            = {Athens},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
        TITLE              = {{ATLAS: A flexible and extensible architecture for linguistic annotation}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bir98,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Bird and M. Liberman},
        ADDRESS            = {Sydney},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the ICLSP},
        MONTH              = dec,
        TITLE              = {{Towards a Formal Framework for Linguistic Annotation}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bir99,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Bird and M. Liberman},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9903003}}},
        NUMBER             = {MS-CIS-99-01},
        TITLE              = {{A Formal Framework for Linguistic Annotation}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bir99b,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Bird and M. Liberman},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Towards Standards and Tools for Discourse Tagging, Proceedings of the Workshop. ACL-99},
        PAGES              = {1--10},
        TITLE              = {{Annotation graphs as a framework for multidimensional linguistic data analysis}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

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        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and Y.~Kamp and H.~Ney and C.~J.~Wellekens},
        ADDRESS            = {Basel},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Speech and Speaker Recognition},
        EDITOR             = {M.~R.~Schroeder},
        PAGES              = {115--148},
        PUBLISHER          = {Karger},
        SERIES             = {Bibliotheca Phonetica},
        TITLE              = {{Speaker-dependent connected speech recognition via dynamic programming and statistical methods}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bla93,
        AUTHOR             = {W.J. Black and H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {UMIST, Manchester},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {C/CCL/04/93/a},
        TITLE              = {{The COBALT Language Analysis Module}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bla93a,
        AUTHOR             = {W.J. Black and N. Underwood and H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {Lancaster},
        BOOKTITLE          = {British Computer Society 14th Information Retrieval Colloquium},
        EDITOR             = {T. McEnery and C. Paice},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Dialogue Management in a Pragmatics-Based Natural Language Information System}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bla93b,
        AUTHOR             = {W.J. Black and H. Cunningham and B. Geurts and G. Rentier},
        ADDRESS            = {UMIST, Manchester},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {ESPRIT Project P5254 (PLUS) Deliverable 2},
        TITLE              = {{The PLUS Natural Language Engine}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{BlackGarsideLeech93,
        ADDRESS            = {Amsterdam},
        EDITOR             = {E.~Black and R.~Garside and G.~Leech},
        NUMBER             = {8},
        SERIES             = {Language and Computers},
        TITLE              = {{Statistically-driven computer grammars of English.}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Blu86,
        AUTHOR             = {Blumer, A. and Ehrenfeucht, A. and Haussler,D. and Warmuth, M.K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Santa Cruz CA},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of California Santa Cruz},
        TITLE              = {{Occam's Razor}},
        TYPE               = {Working Paper UCSC-CRL-86-2},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@BOOK{BM-book,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and N.~Morgan},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{Connectionist Speech Recognition---A Hybrid Approach}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INCOLLECTION{BM-nips3,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and N.~Morgan and C.~Wooters},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {R.~P.~Lippmann and J.~E.~Moody and D.~S.~Touretzky},
        PAGES              = {213--219},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {Conectionist approaches to the use of {Markov} models for speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{BM-TNN,
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        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks}},
        PAGES              = {893--909},
        TITLE              = {Continuous speech recognition by connectionist statistical methods},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{BM90,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and N.~Morgan},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {D. S. Touretzky},
        PAGES              = {413--416},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {A continuous speech recognition system embedding {MLP} into {HMM}},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1990}
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@INCOLLECTION{BM91,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and N.~Morgan},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Neural Networks: Advances and Applications},
        EDITOR             = {E.~Gelenbe},
        PAGES              = {215--239},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {Merging multilayer perceptrons and hidden {Markov} models: some experiments in continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1991}
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@ARTICLE{Bob77,
        AUTHOR             = {Bobrow, D.G. and Winograd, T.},
        JOURNAL            = {Cognitive Science 1},
        PAGES              = {3-46},
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        YEAR               = {1977},
        KEYWORDS           = {krep}
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@BOOK{Bod90,
        ADDRESS            = {Oxford},
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        TITLE              = {{The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
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@BOOK{Bod95,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Bod},
        PUBLISHER          = {Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{Enriching Linguistics with Statistics: Performance Models of Natural Language}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
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        AUTHOR             = {R. Bod},
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        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora}},
        TITLE              = {{Two Questions about Data-Oriented Parsing}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Bog89,
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        EDITOR             = {B. Boguraev and T. Briscoe},
        PUBLISHER          = {Longman},
        TITLE              = {{Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
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@ARTICLE{Bog95,
        AUTHOR             = {B. Boguraev and R. Garigliano and J. Tait},
        JOURNAL            = {Natural Language Engineering.},
        TITLE              = {{Editorial.}},
        VOLUME             = {1, Part 1.},
        YEAR               = {1995.}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Boguraev87,
        AUTHOR             = {B.~K.~Boguraev and T.~Briscoe and J.~Carroll and D.~Carter and C.~Grover},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL},
        PAGES              = {193--200},
        TITLE              = {{The Derivation of a Grammatically Indexed Lexicon from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{BoguraevBriscoe87,
        AUTHOR             = {B.~Boguraev and T.~Briscoe},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Large Lexicons for Natural Language Processing: Exploring the Grammar Coding System of LDOCE}},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Boi94,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Boitet and M. Seligman},
        ADDRESS            = {Kyoto, Japan},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING '94},
        PAGES              = {426--430},
        TITLE              = {{The ``Whiteboard'' Architecture: A Way to Integrate Heterogeneous Components of NLP Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bon92,
        AUTHOR             = {Bono, G. and Ficorilli, P.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {ER'92- 11th International Conference on the Entity-Relational Approach. LNCS 645},
        PAGES              = {357-274},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Natural Language Restatement of Queries Expressed in a Graphical Language}},
        YEAR               = {1992},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bon01a,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Bontcheva and C. Brewster and F. Ciravegna and H. Cunningham and L. Guthrie and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Toulouse, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{Using HLT for Acquiring, Retrieving and Publishing Knowledge in AKT: Position Paper}},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {{\small {\tt http://www.elsnet.org/acl2001-hlt+km.html}}}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bon00a,
        AUTHOR             = {Bontcheva, K. and Brugman, H. and Russel, A. and Wittenburg, P. and Cunningham, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {Luxembourg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
        TITLE              = {{An Experiment
          in Unifying Audio-Visual and Textual Infrastructures for Language Processing R\&D}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}


@BOOK{Boo80,
        AUTHOR             = {Boolos, G. and Jeffrey, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Computability and Logic 2nd ed.}},
        YEAR               = {1980}
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@BOOK{Boo94,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Booch},
        PUBLISHER          = {Benjamin/Cummings},
        TITLE              = {{Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 2nd Edn.}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
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@BOOK{Boo99,
        AUTHOR             = {Booch, G. and Rumbaugh, J. and Jacobson, I.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{The Unified Modelling Language User Guide}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Bos98,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Bos and C.J. Rupp and B. Buschbeck-Wolf and M. Dorna},
        ADDRESS            = {Montreal},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 36th ACL and the 17th COLING (ACL-COLING '98)},
        PAGES              = {160--166},
        TITLE              = {{Managing information at linguistic interfaces}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bossard91,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Bossard},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Language Industries Atlas},
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        TITLE              = {{\sc dgxiii} Study {\sc ml77-a}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
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@BOOK{Bot97,
        AUTHOR             = {Botley, S. and McEnery, T.},
        PUBLISHER          = {University College London Press},
        TITLE              = {{Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Boy79,
        AUTHOR             = {Boyer, R.S. and Moore, J.S.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{A Computational Logic}},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@BOOK{Bra83,
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        EDITOR             = {Brady, M. and Berwick, R.C.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Computational Models of Discourse}},
        YEAR               = {1983}
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@ARTICLE{Bra84,
        AUTHOR             = {Brachman, R.J. and Levesque, H.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Austin, Texas},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PUBLISHER          = {AAAI-84},
        TITLE              = {The Tractability of Subsumption in Frame-Based Description Languages},
        YEAR               = {1984}
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@BOOK{Bra85a,
        AUTHOR             = {Brachman, R.J. and Levesque, H.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Los Altos, CA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Readings in Knowledge Representation}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Bra85b,
        AUTHOR             = {Brachman, R.J. and Schmolze, J.G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Cognitive Science},
        NUMBER             = {9},
        PAGES              = {171 - 216},
        TITLE              = {An Overview of the {KL-ONE} Knowledge Representation System},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Bra90,
        AUTHOR             = {Bratko, I.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        EDITION            = {Second},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Bra94,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Brand},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Penguin},
        TITLE              = {{How Buildings Learn}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Bre91,
        AUTHOR             = {Brewka, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Logical Foundations of Commonsense}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Bre99,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Brew and D. McKelvie and R. Tobin and H. Thompson and A. Mikheev},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/}}},
        PUBLISHER          = {Language Technology Group},
        TITLE              = {{The XML Library LT XML version 1.1 User documentation and reference guide}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Bri92,
        AUTHOR             = {Brill, E.},
        ADDRESS            = {Trento, Italy},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing},
        TITLE              = {{A simple rule-based part-of-speech tagger}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bri94,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Brill},
        ADDRESS            = {Seattle, Washington},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on AI (AAAI-94)},
        TITLE              = {{Some Advances in Transformation-Based Part of Speech Tagging}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Bri95,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Brill},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = dec,
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {{Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language}},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bridle-icassp91,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~S.~Bridle and L.~Dodd},
        ADDRESS            = {Toronto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {277--280},
        TITLE              = {An {Alphanet} approach to optimising input transformations for continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{bridle-recnorm,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~S.~Bridle and S.~J.~Cox},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {R.~P.~Lippmann and J.~E.~Moody and D.~S.~Touretzky},
        PAGES              = {234--240},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {{RecNorm}: Simultaneous normalisation and classification applied to speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bridle-seg,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~S.~Bridle and N.~C.~Sedgwick},
        ADDRESS            = {Hartford CT},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {656--660},
        TITLE              = {A method for segmenting acoustic patterns, with applications to automatic speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@INCOLLECTION{bridle-softmax,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~S.~Bridle},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {D. S. Touretzky},
        PAGES              = {211--217},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {Training stochastic model recognition algorithms as networks can lead to maximum mutual information estimation of parameters},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Brill92,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Brill},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        PUBLISHER          = {Harriman, NY},
        TITLE              = {A simple rule-based part of speech tagger},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BrillAAAI94,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Brill},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Twelth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI '94)},
        PAGES              = {722--727},
        TITLE              = {Some advances in transformation-based part of speech tagging},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Bro84,
        AUTHOR             = {Brodie, M.L. and Mylopoulos, J. and Schmidt, J.W.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{On Conceptual Modelling: Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases, and Programming Languages}},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Bro89a,
        AUTHOR             = {A.W. Brown},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kogan Page},
        TITLE              = {{Database Support for Software Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Bro90,
        AUTHOR             = {P.F. Brown and J. Cocke and S.A. Della Pietra and V.J. Della Pietra and F. Jelinek and J.D Lafferty and R.L. Mercer and P.S. Roossin},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {June},
        PAGES              = {79--85},
        TITLE              = {{A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation}},
        VOLUME             = {16},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bro91,
        AUTHOR             = {Brown, P. F. and Di Pietra, S. A. and Di Pietra, V.J . and Mercer, R. L.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of ACL-91},
        TITLE              = {Word sense disambiguation using statistical methods},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bro95,
        AUTHOR             = {Broglio, R.M and Callan, J.P. and Croft, W.B and Nachbar, D.W.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Overview of the Third retrieval Conference (TREC-3).},
        EDITOR             = {Harman, D.K},
        TITLE              = {{Document Retrieval and Routing Using the INQUERY System}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{brown-cl92,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Brown and V.~{Della Pietra} and P. {de Souza} and J.~Lai and R.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {467--479},
        TITLE              = {Class-based n-gram models of natural language},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Brown90,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Brown and others},
        ADDRESS            = {Paris, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the IBM NLP Workshop},
        TITLE              = {Class-based n-gram models of natural language},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bru92,
        AUTHOR             = {Bruce, R. and Guthrie, L.},
        ADDRESS            = {Nantes, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceesings of COLING-92},
        PAGES              = {1187-1191},
        TITLE              = {{Genus Disambiguation: A Study in Weighted Preference}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bru94,
        AUTHOR             = {Bruce, R. and Wiebe, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Las Cruces, New Mexico},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Word-sense disambiguation using decomposable models},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bru98,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Brugman and A. Russel and P. Wittenburg and R. Piepenbrock},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Linguistic Resources},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-\~{}hamish/dalr/}}},
        PAGES              = {8--15},
        TITLE              = {{Corpus-based Research using the Internet}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bru98b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Brugman and H.G. Russel and P. Wittenburg},
        ADDRESS            = {Freiburg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the ED-MEDIA/ED-TELECOM Conference},
        TITLE              = {{An infrastructure for collaboratively building and using multimedia corpora in the humaniora.}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bru99a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Brugman and K. Bontcheva and P. Wittenburg and H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {Nijmegen, Netherlands},
        INSTITUTION        = {Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Integrating Multimedia and Textual Software Architectures for Language Technology}},
        TYPE               = {{Technical report MPI-TG-99-1}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bruce94,
        AUTHOR             = {Bruce, R. and Wiebe, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Las Cruces, New Mexico},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {139-145},
        TITLE              = {Word-sense disambiguation using decomposable models},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BruceGuthrie92,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Bruce and L.~Guthrie},
        ADDRESS            = {Nantes},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING '92},
        TITLE              = {{An Automatically Generated Semantic Hierarchy}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Brughman98,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Brughman and A. Russel and P. Wittenburg and R. Piepenbrock},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Linguistic Reseources},
        TITLE              = {Corpus-based Research Using the {I}nternet},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Buc98,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Buckley},
        NOTE               = {TIPSTER programme working paper},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER Advanced Query (DN2)}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@BOOK{Bun83,
        AUTHOR             = {Bundy, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning}},
        YEAR               = {1983},
        KEYWORDS           = {aure}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Bun85,
        AUTHOR             = {Bundy, A. and Byrd, L. and Mellsih, C.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Progress in Artificial Intelligence},
        EDITOR             = {Steels, L. and Campbell, J.A.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {{Special-Purpose, But Domain-Independent, Inference Mechanisms}},
        YEAR               = {1985},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@ARTICLE{Bur87,
        AUTHOR             = {Burnett, M. and Baker, M.J. and Bohus, C. and Carlson, P. and Yang, S. and van Zee P.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Computer},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {45-54},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Scaling Up Visual Languages}},
        VOLUME             = {28},
        YEAR               = {1987},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bur92a,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Burnage and D. Dunlop},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerised Corpora},
        TITLE              = {{Encoding the British National Corpus}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Bur95,
        AUTHOR             = {L. Burnard},
        EDITOR             = {L. Burnard},
        MONTH              = {May},
        NOTE               = {{\small{\tt http://info.ox.ac.uk/bnc/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Users Reference Guide for the British National Corpus}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@TECHREPORT{Burnage90,
        AUTHOR             = {Burnage, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Nijmegen, The Netherlands},
        INSTITUTION        = {CELEX Centre for Lexical Information},
        TITLE              = {{CELEX, A Guide for Users}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Bus99,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Busemann},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {{Constraint-Based Techniques for Interfacing Software Modules}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{BW-csl89,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and C.~J.~Wellekens},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
        PAGES              = {1--19},
        TITLE              = {Speech pattern discrimination and multilayer perceptrons},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{BW-icassp89,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and C.~J.~Wellekens},
        ADDRESS            = {Glasgow},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {33--36},
        TITLE              = {Speech dynamics and recurrent neural networks},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INCOLLECTION{BW-nips1,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and C.~J.~Wellekens},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {D. S. Touretzky},
        PAGES              = {502--510},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {Links between {Markov} models and multi-layer perceptrons},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{BW-pami90,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and C.~J.~Wellekens},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}},
        PAGES              = {1167--1178},
        TITLE              = {Links between {Markov} models and multilayer perceptrons},
        VOLUME             = {PAMI-12},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cah92,
        AUTHOR             = {Cahill, L.J. and Gaizauskas, R. and Evans, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {IBM Institute for Knowledge Based Systems, Heidelberg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Fully Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems: Proceedings of the Trento Workshop, March 30, 1992 (IWBS Report No. 236)},
        PAGES              = {86-99},
        TITLE              = {{POETIC}: a Fully-Implemented {NL} System for Understanding Traffic Reports},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cah96,
        AUTHOR             = {B. Cahoon and K.S. McKinley},
        ADDRESS            = {Zurich},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of SIGIR '96},
        PAGES              = {110--118},
        TITLE              = {{Performance Evaluation of a Distributed Architecture for Information Retrieval}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cah98,
        AUTHOR             = {L. Cahill and M. Reape},
        NOTE               = {RAGS deliverable, {\small {\tt http://www.tri.bbrighton.ac.uk/\-projects/rags/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Component Tasks in Applied NLG Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cah99,
        AUTHOR             = {Cahill, L.J. and Doran, C. and Evans, R. and Paiva, D. and Scott, D. and Mellish, C. and Reape, M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {{Achieving Theory-Neutrality in Reference Architectures for NLP: To What Extent is it Possible/Desirable?}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cah99b,
        AUTHOR             = {L. Cahill and C. Doran and R. Evans and C. Mellish and D. Paiva and M. Reape and D. Scott and N. Tipper},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh and Brighton},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Edinburgh and Information Technology Research Institute},
        NUMBER             = {ITRI-99-14; HCRC/TR-102},
        TITLE              = {{Towards a Reference Architecture for Natural Language Generation Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INCOLLECTION{CahillGaizauskasEvans92,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~J.~Cahill and R.~Gaizauskas and R.~Evans},
        ADDRESS            = {Heidelberg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Fully-Implemented Natural Language Understanding Systems: Proceedings of the Trento Workshop},
        MONTH              = {March},
        NUMBER             = {IWBS Report No. 236},
        PAGES              = {86--99},
        PUBLISHER          = {IBM Institute for Knowledge Based Systems},
        TITLE              = {{POETIC: A Fully-Implemented NL System for Understanding Traffic Reports}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{cambridge-timit,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Fallside and H.~Lucke and T.~P.~Marsland and T.~P.~O'Shea and M.~St.~J.~Owen and R.~W.~Prager and A.~J.~Robinson and N.~H.~Russell},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {445--448},
        TITLE              = {Continuous speech recognition for the {TIMIT} database using neural networks},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Can93,
        AUTHOR             = {Cann, R.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Formal Semantics: An Introduction}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Car83,
        AUTHOR             = {Carbonell, J.G. and Michalski, R.S. and Mitchell, T.M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach},
        EDITOR             = {Carbonell, J.G. and Michalski, R.S. and Mitchell, T.M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Tioga Pub. Co.},
        TITLE              = {{An Overview of Machine Learning}},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@BOOK{Car87,
        AUTHOR             = {David Carter},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chichester : Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {{Interpreting Anaphors in natural language texts.}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@TECHREPORT{Car90,
        AUTHOR             = {Carlson, L. and Nirenburg, S.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Machine Translation},
        NUMBER             = {CMU-CMT-90-121},
        TITLE              = {World Modeling for {NLP}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Car92,
        AUTHOR             = {Carlson, L. and Nirenburg, S.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing},
        PAGES              = {235-236},
        PUBLISHER          = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Practical World Modeling for {NLP} Applications},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Car92b,
        AUTHOR             = {B. Carpenter and G. Penn},
        ADDRESS            = {Pittsburgh},
        INSTITUTION        = {Carnegie Mellon University Laboratory for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{ALE 2.0 User's Guide}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}


@ARTICLE{Car97,
        AUTHOR             = {Cardie, C.},
        JOURNAL            = {AI Magazine},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {{Empirical Methods in Information Extraction}},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}


@InProceedings{Car98,
  author = 	 {S.Carberry and K.Samuel and K.Vijay-Shanker},
  title = 	 {Dialogue act tagging with transformation-based learning},
  booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of COLING-ACL},
  pages =	 {1150-1156},
  year =	 1998,
  volume =	 2,
  address =	 {Montreal, Canada}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cas00a,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Cassidy and S. Bird},
        ADDRESS            = {Australian National University, Canberra},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Eleventh Australasian Database Conference},
        TITLE              = {{Querying databases of annotated speech}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cat96,
        AUTHOR             = {Catizone, R. and Collier, R. and Stevenson, M.},
        NOTE               = {Delverable for ECRANecran project \cite{ecran}.},
        TITLE              = {{Verification of Consistency of Resources}}
}

@ARTICLE{CavazzaZweigenbaum92,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Cavazza and P.~Zweigenbaum},
        JOURNAL            = {Information Processing and Management},
        NUMBER             = {5},
        TITLE              = {{Extracting Implicit Information from Free Text Technical Reports}},
        VOLUME             = {28},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{CavazzaZweigenbaum94,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Cavazza and P.~Zweigenbaum},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Computational Lexical Semantics},
        EDITOR             = {P.~Saint-Dizier and E.~Viegas},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Lexical Semantics: Dictionary or Encyclopaedia?}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{cdnn92,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Bourlard and N.~Morgan and C.~Wooters and S.~Renals},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {349--352},
        TITLE              = {{CDNN}: A context dependent neural network for continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@BOOK{Cha73,
        AUTHOR             = {Chang, C.-L. and Lee, R. C-T.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving}},
        YEAR               = {1973}
}

@BOOK{Cha85,
        AUTHOR             = {Charniak, E. and McDermott, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to Artificial Intelligence}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cha88,
        AUTHOR             = {Charniak, E. and Goldman, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Buffalo},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 26th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = {June 7-10},
        PAGES              = {87- 94},
        TITLE              = {{A Logic for Semantic Interpretation}},
        YEAR               = {1988},
        KEYWORDS           = {nlsem},
        LOCATION           = {RG File}
}

@ARTICLE{Cha92,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Chandler and J. Sweller},
        JOURNAL            = {British Journal of Educational Psychology},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {233-246},
        TITLE              = {The Split-Attention Effect as a Factor in the Design of Instruction},
        VOLUME             = {62},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@BOOK{Cha93,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Charniak},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Statistical Language Learning}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cha96,
        AUTHOR             = {Charniak, E.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, Brown University},
        NUMBER             = {CS-96-02},
        TITLE              = {Tree-bank {G}rammars},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Chandler97,
        AUTHOR             = {Chandler, Daniel},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/intgenre/intgenre.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{An Introduction to Genre Theory}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Che94,
        AUTHOR             = {T.L. Cheong and A.W.L. Kwang and A. Gunawan and G.A. Loo and L.C. Qwun and S.H. Leng},
        ADDRESS            = {Singapore},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd Singapore Conference on Intelligent Systems (SPICIS '94)},
        PAGES              = {B371--B377},
        TITLE              = {{A Pragmatic Information Extraction Architecture for the Message Formatting Export (MFE) System}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INCOLLECTION{cheeseman-dmine96,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Cheeseman and J.~Stutz},
        ADDRESS            = {Menlo Park CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Advances in Knowledge Dicovery and Data Mining},
        EDITOR             = {U.~Fayyad and G.~Piatetsky-Shapiro and P.~Smyth and R.~Uthurusamy},
        PAGES              = {153--180},
        PUBLISHER          = {AAAI Press/MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Bayesian Classification ({AutoClass}): Theory and results}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{chen-emphasis,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~R.~Chen and M.~Withgott},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {229--232},
        TITLE              = {{The Use of Emphasis to Automatically Summarize a Spoken Discourse}},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Chi93,
        AUTHOR             = {N. Chinchor and L. Hirschman and D.D. Lewis},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {409-449},
        TITLE              = {{Evaluating Message Understanding Systems: An Analysis of the Third Message Understanding Conference (MUC-3)}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Cho80,
        AUTHOR             = {Noam Chomsky},
        JOURNAL            = {Linguistic Inquiry},
        PAGES              = {1-46},
        TITLE              = {{On Binding}},
        VOLUME             = {11(1)}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cho91,
        AUTHOR             = {Chowdhury, G. and Lynch, M.F.},
        ADDRESS            = {Amsterdam},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Intelligent Text and Image Handling},
        EDITOR             = {Lichnerowicz, A.},
        PAGES              = {740-753},
        PUBLISHER          = {Elsevier},
        TITLE              = {{Natural Language Processing of the Texts of Chemical Patent Abstracts}},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        KEYWORDS           = {infex}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Chodorow85,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~S.~Chodorow and R.~J.~Byrd and G.~E.~Heidorn},
        ADDRESS            = {Chicago, IL},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the ACL},
        PAGES              = {299--304},
        TITLE              = {{Extracting Semantic Hierarchies from a Large On-Line Dictionary}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Chr94,
        AUTHOR             = {O. Christ},
        ADDRESS            = {Budapest},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Computational Lexicography and Text Research (COMPLEX '94)},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9408005}}},
        TITLE              = {{A Modular and Flexible Architecture for an Integrated Corpus Query System}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Chr95,
        AUTHOR             = {O. Christ},
        ADDRESS            = {Groningen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference on Linguistic Databases},
        TITLE              = {{Linking WordNet to a Corpus Query System}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Chu88,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Church},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Second Conference on Applied NLP, ACL-88},
        TITLE              = {A stochastic parts of speech program and noun phrase parser for unrestricted texts},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Chu93,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Church and R.L. Mercer},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Special issue on Computational Linguistics using Large Corpora, Computational LInguistics},
        JOURNAL            = {Special issue on Computational Linguistics Using Large Corpora, Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Chu95,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Church and L. Rau},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        MONTH              = nov,
        NUMBER             = {11},
        TITLE              = {{Commercial Applications of Natural Language Processing}},
        VOLUME             = {38},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{church-mercer93,
        AUTHOR             = {K.~W.~Church and R.~L.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computational Linguistics}},
        PAGES              = {1--24},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to the special issue on computational linguistics using large corpora}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{ChurchHanks90,
        AUTHOR             = {K.~W.~Church and P.~Hanks},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {22--29},
        TITLE              = {{Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography}},
        VOLUME             = {16},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cla77,
        AUTHOR             = {Clark, K.L.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Logic and Databases},
        EDITOR             = {Gallaire, H. and Minker, J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Plenum Press},
        TITLE              = {{Negation as Failure}},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@BOOK{Cla82,
        AUTHOR             = {Clark, K.L. and Tarnlund, S.-A.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{Logic Programming}},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cla97,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Clarkson and R. Rosenfeld},
        ADDRESS            = {Greece},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of ESCA Eurospeech},
        TITLE              = {{Statistical Language Modeling using the SMU-Cambridge Toolkit}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cle94,
        AUTHOR             = {Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric and Lang, Bernard},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Logic Programming ({ICLP'94})},
        EDITOR             = {Van Hentenryck},
        MONTH              = {June},
        PAGES              = {470--486},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{LPDA}: Another look at Tabulation in Logic Programming},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cle96,
        AUTHOR             = {Clements, P.C. and Northrop, L.M.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University},
        NUMBER             = {CMU/SEI-96-TR-003},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture: An Executive Overview}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Clo84,
        AUTHOR             = {Clocksin, W.F. and Mellish, C.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Programming in PROLOG}},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Cob87,
        AUTHOR             = {Sinclair, G. and Hanks, P. and Fox, G. and Moon, R. and Stock, P. et. al.},
        ADDRESS            = {Glasgow},
        PUBLISHER          = {Collins},
        TITLE              = {{The Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Coc97,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Cockburn},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Object-Oriented Programming},
        TITLE              = {{Structuring Use Cases with Goals}},
        VOLUME             = {Sept-Oct and Nov-Dec},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Cochard93,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Cochard},
        JOURNAL            = {La Tribune des Industries de la Langue},
        MONTH              = {f\'{e}vrier},
        NUMBER             = {11--12},
        TITLE              = {Application de techniques linguistiques en indexation et recherche documentaire},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Cod70,
        AUTHOR             = {Codd, F.},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {6},
        PAGES              = {377-387},
        TITLE              = {{A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks}},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1970},
        KEYWORDS           = {ldb}
}

@PHDTHESIS{cohen-thesis,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Cohen},
        SCHOOL             = {University of California at Berkeley},
        TITLE              = {{Phonological Structures for Speech Recognition}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{Col91a,
        EDITOR             = {M. Makins},
        PUBLISHER          = {Harper Collins},
        TITLE              = {{Collins English Dictionary, 3rd Edition}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@TECHREPORT{Col96,
        AUTHOR             = {Robin Collier},
        ADDRESS            = {U.K.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        MONTH              = sep,
        NUMBER             = {CS--96--07},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Template Creation for Information Extraction}},
        TYPE               = {Technical report},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@PhdThesis{Col98,
  author = 	 {Robin Collier},
  title = 	 {{Automatic Template Creation for Information Extraction}},
  school = 	 {University of Sheffield},
  year = 	 1998,
  address =	 {UK}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{COMET,
        AUTHOR             = {McKeown, K. and Elhadad, M. and Fukumuto, Y. and Lim, J. and Lombardi, C. and Robin, J. and Smadja, F.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Current Research in Natural Language Generation},
        EDITOR             = {Dale, R. and Mellish, C. and Zock, M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{N}atural {L}anguage {G}eneration in {COMET}},
        YEAR               = {1990},
        KEYWORDS           = {multimedia generation},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef, ShfLib}
}

@BOOK{Con97,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Connolly},
        ADDRESS            = {Sebastopol, California},
        PUBLISHER          = {O'Reilly},
        TITLE              = {{XML: Principles, Tools and Techniques}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Coo96,
        AUTHOR             = {Cooke, G.},
        NOTE               = {Further details at {\tt http://www.rt66.com/\-gcooke/SemanTag}},
        TITLE              = {The {SemanTag} Project},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{cormen-leiserson-rivest,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~H.~Cormen and C.~E.~Leiserson and R.~L.~Rivest},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to Algorithms}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cos95a,
        AUTHOR             = {Costagliola, G. and De Lucia, A. and Orefice, S. and Tortora, G.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A., June 1995}},
        PAGES              = {226-233},
        PUBLISHER          = {Knowledge Systems Institute},
        TITLE              = {{Efficient Parsing of Data-Flow Graphs}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@ARTICLE{Cos95b,
        AUTHOR             = {Costagliola, G. and Tortora, G. and Orefice, S. and De Lucia, A.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Computer},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {56-66},
        PUBLISHER          = {Knowledge Systems Institute},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Generation of Visual Programming Environments}},
        VOLUME             = {28},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INCOLLECTION{CourantRobin85,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Courant and S.~Robin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Understanding and Logic Programming},
        EDITOR             = {P.~St~Dizier and V.~Dahl},
        PAGES              = {33--47},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {{Classified Advertisement Analysis in the Context of an Expert System in Ad Matching}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cow92,
        AUTHOR             = {Cowie, J. and Guthrie, L. and Guthrie, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Nantes, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING-92},
        TITLE              = {{Lexical Disambiguation Using Simulated Annealing}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cow93,
        AUTHOR             = {Cowie, J. and Guthrie, L. and Jin, W. and Odgen, W. and Pustejowsky, J. and Wanf, R. and Wakao, T. and Waterman, S. and Wilks, Y.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Tipster Text Program (Phase I)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{ CRL/Brandeis: The Diderot System}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Cow96,
        AUTHOR             = {Cowie, J. and Lehnert, W.},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {80-91},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction}},
        VOLUME             = {39},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cow96b,
        AUTHOR             = {Tony Cowling},
        NOTE               = {Dept. Computer Science, University of Sheffield.},
        TITLE              = {{Personal Communication, February 1996}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cowie92,
        AUTHOR             = {Cowie, J. and Guthrie, L. and Guthrie, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Nantes, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-92)},
        PAGES              = {359-365},
        TITLE              = {{Lexical Disambiguation Using Simulated Annealing}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cowie93,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Cowie and T.~Wakao and W.~Jin and J.~Pustejovsky and S.~Waterman},
        ADDRESS            = {Vancouver, Canada},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the First Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics (PACLING 93)},
        TITLE              = {{The Diderot information extraction system}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Cox90,
        AUTHOR             = {S.J. Cox},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Speech and Language Processing},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chapman and Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Hidden Markov Models for Automatic Speech Recognition: Theory and Application}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Cri90,
        AUTHOR             = {Crimi, C. and Guercio, A. and Pacini, G. and Tortora, G. and Tucci, M.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {10},
        PAGES              = {1122-1135},
        PUBLISHER          = {Knowledge Systems Institute},
        TITLE              = {{Automating Visual Language Generation}},
        VOLUME             = {16},
        YEAR               = {1990},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cro95,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Crouch and R.J. Gaizauskas and K. Netter},
        INSTITUTION        = {EAGLES project, Language Engineering Programme, European Commission},
        TITLE              = {{Interim Report of the Study Group on Assessment and Evaluation}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Cro96,
        AUTHOR             = {Crowe J.},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Edinburgh},
        TITLE              = {{Costraint Based Event Recognition for Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{crowe-formant,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Crowe and M.~A.~Jack},
        JOURNAL            = {Electronics Letters},
        PAGES              = {1019--1020},
        TITLE              = {{A globally optimising formant tracker using generalised centroids}},
        VOLUME             = {23},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cru89,
        AUTHOR             = {Cruz, I.F. and Mendelzon, A.O. and Wood, P.T.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd Expert Database Systems Conference},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
        PAGES              = {645-666},
        PUBLISHER          = {Benjamin-Cummings},
        TITLE              = {{G+: Recursive Queries without Recursion}},
        YEAR               = {1989},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@BOOK{Cry91,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Crystal},
        PUBLISHER          = {Blackwell Publishers, Oxford},
        TITLE              = {{A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 3rd Edn.}},
        YEAR               = {1991.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{cucon94,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~M.~Hochberg and S.~J.~Renals and A.~J.~Robinson},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop},
        TITLE              = {{ABBOT}: The {CUED} Hybrid Connectionist-HMM Large-Vocabulary Recognition System},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Cun01a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        JOURNAL            = {[in review]},
        NUMBER             = {??},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture for Language Engineering: a Requirements Analysis}},
        VOLUME             = {??},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {Submitted to AICOM/rev? 2001}
}

@ARTICLE{Cun01b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        JOURNAL            = {[in press]},
        NUMBER             = {??},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
        VOLUME             = {??},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {Accepted for publication by Computing and the Humanities, May 2001}
}

@ARTICLE{Cun01c,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        JOURNAL            = {[in review]},
        NUMBER             = {??},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{A Review of Software Architecture for Language Engineering}},
        VOLUME             = {??},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {Submitted to AI Review, August 2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Cun01d,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        JOURNAL            = {[in review]},
        NUMBER             = {??},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{A General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
        VOLUME             = {??},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {Submitted to AI, May 2001}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Cun00a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Sheffield},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture for Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {2000},
	NOTE		   = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/sale/thesis/}}}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Athens},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2)},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Language Resources: a Taxonomy of Previous Work and a Requirements Analysis}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00c,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Luxembourg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Experience of using GATE for NLP R\&D}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00d,
	AUTHOR		= {H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and W. Peters and Y. Wilks},
	TITLE		= {{Uniform language resource access and distribution in the context of a General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)}},
	BOOKTITLE	= {Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontologies and Language Resources (OntoLex'2000)},
	ADDRESS		= {Sozopol, Bulgaria},
	MONTH		= {September},
	YEAR	 	= {2000},
	NOTE		= {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ontolex/ontolex.ps}}}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun00e,
	AUTHOR          = {H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and V. Tablan},
	INSTITUTION     = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
	MONTH           = Nov,
	NUMBER          = {CS--00--10},
	TITLE           = {{JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine (Second Edition)}},
	TYPE            = {Research Memorandum},
	YEAR            = {2000}
}

@MASTERSTHESIS{Cun91,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology},
        TITLE              = {Automatic Speech Recognition},
        TYPE               = {{MSc} thesis},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun92,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {Alghero, Sardinia},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Abduction, Beliefs and Context (ABC-92)},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ESPRIT Project P-5254 (PLUS)},
        TITLE              = {{Artificial Neural Networks for Pragmatics}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun93,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {UMIST, Manchester},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {93/10},
        TITLE              = {{Managing Code Development}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun93b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and N.L. Underwood and W.J. Black},
        ADDRESS            = {UMIST, Manchester},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {C/CCL/11/93/b},
        TITLE              = {{The Surface-level COBALT Analysis Module}},
        TYPE               = {LRE Project 61-011 Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun94,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and M. Freeman and W.J. Black},
        ADDRESS            = {Manchester},
        BOOKTITLE          = {New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP-1), September 1994},
        PUBLISHER          = {(Re-published in book form 1997 by UCL Press)},
        TITLE              = {{Software Reuse, Object-Oriented Frameworks and Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun94a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST, Manchester},
        NUMBER             = {94/05},
        TITLE              = {{Support Software for Language Engineering Research}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun94b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and N.L. Underwood and W.J. Black},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST, Manchester},
        NUMBER             = {94/02},
        TITLE              = {{Efficient Shallow Parsing for Text Categorisation}},
        TYPE               = {Technical Report},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun94c,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Underwood, N.L. and Black, W.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {UMIST, Manchester},
        INSTITUTION        = {Centre for Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {LRE Project 62-059 Deliverable 1},
        TITLE              = {{Reusable Components for CRISTAL}},
        TYPE               = {Techical Report},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun95,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Gaizauskas, R.G. and Wilks, Y.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9601009}}},
        NUMBER             = {CS--95--21},
        TITLE              = {{A General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) -- a new approach to Language Engineering R\&D}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas},
        ADDRESS            = {Brighton, U.K.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB Workshop on Language Engineering for Document Analysis and Recognition},
        MONTH              = apr,
        TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {Volterra, Italy},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-lingual Access to Textual Information (MAIN-96)},
        MONTH              = jul,
        TITLE              = {{AVENTINUS, ECRAN and GATE -- Information Extraction and Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-96)},
        MONTH              = aug,
        TITLE              = {{GATE -- a General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96c,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R.J. Gaizauskas},
        ADDRESS            = {Bilkent University, Turkey},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference on New Methods in Natural Language Processing (NeMLaP-2)},
        MONTH              = sep,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9607025}}},
        TITLE              = {{New Methods, Current Trends and Software Infrastructure for NLP}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cun96d,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and S. Azzam and Y. Wilks},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, University of Sheffield, U.K.},
        TITLE              = {{Domain Modelling for AVENTINUS (WP 4.2)}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cun96e,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and S. Azzam and Y. Wilks and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, University of Sheffield, U.K.},
        TITLE              = {{AVENTINUS Information Extraction Specifcations (WP 4.1/T6)}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Cun96f,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and S. Azzam and Y. Wilks and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, University of Sheffield, U.K.},
        TITLE              = {{AVENTINUS Domain Model Specifcations (WP 4.1/T12)}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun96g,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and M. Stower},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-nlp/gate}}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield.},
        TITLE              = {{CREOLE Developer's Manual}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96h,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Text Processing, TIPSTER Program Phase II}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {DARPA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER-Compatible Projects at Sheffield}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun97a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9702005}}},
        TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun97b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        MONTH              = jan,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9702006}}},
        NUMBER             = {CS--97--02},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction -- a User Guide}},
        TYPE               = {Research Memorandum},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun97e,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase III) 6 Month Workshop},
        MONTH              = may,
        ORGANIZATION       = {DARPA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{GATE -- a TIPSTER-based General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun98,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Stevenson, M. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {Sydney, Australia},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Conference on New Methods in Language Engineering (NeMLaP-3)},
        PAGES              = {59-72},
        TITLE              = {{Implementing a Sense Tagger within a General Architecture for Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun98a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and W. Peters and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain},
        TITLE              = {{A Level Playing Field for Language Resource Evaluation}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cun99a,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Gaizauskas, R.G. and Humphreys, K. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {{Experience with a Language Engineering Architecture: Three Years of GATE}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Cun99b,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {1--16},
        TITLE              = {{A Definition and Short History of Language Engineering}},
        VOLUME             = {5},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun99c,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        MONTH              = may,
        NUMBER             = {CS--99--07},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction: a User Guide (revised version)}},
        TYPE               = {Research Memorandum},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun99d,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        MONTH              = may,
        NUMBER             = {CS--99--06},
        TITLE              = {{JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine}},
        TYPE               = {Research Memorandum},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Cun84,
        AUTHOR             = {Cunningham, J.L.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {{Comprehension by Model-Building as a Basis for an Expert System}},
        TYPE               = {Cognitive Studies Research Paper 25},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Cut91,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Cutting and J. Pedersen and P-K. Halvorsen},
        ADDRESS            = {Barcelona},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of RIAO '91},
        PAGES              = {285--298},
        TITLE              = {{An Object-Oriented Architecture for Text Retrieval}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}


@TechReport{Dae98,
  author = 	 {W. Daelemans and J. Zavrel and K. van der Sloot and A. van den Bosch},
  title = 	 {TiMBL: Tilburg memory based learner version 1.0},
  institution =  {ILK},
  year = 	 1998,
  number =	 {Technical Report 98-03}
}

@ARTICLE{Dag94,
        AUTHOR             = {Dagon, I. and Itai, A.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Word sense disambiguation using a second language monolingual corpus},
        VOLUME             = {20},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Dah88,
        AUTHOR             = {Dahlgren, K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Boston},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding}},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Dah90,
        AUTHOR             = {Dahlgren, K. and McDowell, J. and Stabler, Jr., E.P.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {149-170},
        TITLE              = {{Knowledge Representation for Commonsense Reasoning with Text}},
        VOLUME             = {15},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{dalby,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Dalby and A.~Crowe and A.~M.~Sutherland},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {244--247},
        TITLE              = {Formant-based vowel classification in continuous speech},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Dar91,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Proceedings of the Third Message Understanding Conference (MUC-3)},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Dar92,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Proceedings of the Fourth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-4)},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{DARPA90,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        TITLE              = {DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{DARPA92,
        KEY                = {ARPA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Harriman, NY},
        TITLE              = {DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Dav67,
        AUTHOR             = {Davidson, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Pittsburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {The Logic of Decision and Action},
        EDITOR             = {Rescher, N.},
        PUBLISHER          = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
        TITLE              = {The Logical Form of Action Sentences},
        YEAR               = {1967}
}

@BOOK{Dav83,
        AUTHOR             = {Davis, M.D. and Weyuker, E.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {Computability, Complexity, and Languages},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Dav82,
        AUTHOR             = {A.L. Davis and R.M. Keller},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Computer},
        PAGES              = {26-41},
        TITLE              = {Data Flow Program Graphs},
        VOLUME             = {15},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dav95,
        AUTHOR             = {Davis, D. and Dunning, T.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fourth Text Retrieval Evaluation Conference, NIST},
        TITLE              = {A TREC Evaluation of Query Translation Methods For Multi-Lingual Text Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Day97,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Day and J. Aberdeen and L. Hirschman and R. Kozierok and P. Robinson and M. Vilain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied NLP Systems (ANLP-97)},
        TITLE              = {{Mixed-Initiative Development of Language Processing Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Day98,
        AUTHOR             = {Day, D. and Robinson, P. and Vilain, M. and Yeh, A.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)},
        PUBLISHER          = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{MITRE: Description of the {\em Alembic} System Used for MUC-7}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{decipher,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Cohen and H.~Murveit and J.~Bernstein and P.~Price and M.~Weintraub},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {77-80},
        TITLE              = {The {{\sc Decipher}} speech recognition system},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dec01a,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Declerck and P. Wittenburg and H. Cunningham},
        ADDRESS            = {Toulouse, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management},
        PAGES              = {??},
        TITLE              = {{The Automatic Generation of Formal Annotations in a Multimedia Indexing and Searching Environment.}},
        YEAR               = {2001},
	NOTE		   = {{\small {\tt http://www.elsnet.org/acl2001-hlt+km.html}}}
}

@ARTICLE{deerwester-jasis90,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Deerwester and S. Dumais and G. Furnas and T. Landauer and R. Harshman},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
        PAGES              = {391--407},
        TITLE              = {Indexing by latent semantic analysis},
        VOLUME             = {41},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Dej82,
        AUTHOR             = {DeJong, G.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Strategies for Natural Language Processing},
        EDITOR             = {Lehnert, W. and Ringle, M.H.},
        PAGES              = {149-176},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {An Overview of the {FRUMP} System},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{dempster-em77,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Dempster and N.~Laird and D.~Rubin},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B},
        PAGES              = {1--38},
        TITLE              = {Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the {EM} algorithm},
        VOLUME             = {39},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@BOOK{Dev98,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Devlin},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Penguin Books},
        TITLE              = {{Mathematics: The New Golden Age, Second Edition}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Dfk99,
        AUTHOR             = {DFKI},
        NOTE               = {{\small{\tt http://www.dfki.de/\-lt/registry/}}},
        TITLE              = {{The Natural Language Software Registry}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Die83,
        AUTHOR             = {Dietterich, T.G. and Michalski, R.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach},
        EDITOR             = {Carbonell, J.G. and Michalski, R.S. and Mitchell, T.M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Tioga Pub. Co.},
        TITLE              = {A Comparative Review of Selected Methods for Learning from Examples},
        YEAR               = {1983.}
}

@BOOK{Dix91,
        AUTHOR             = {Dixon, R.M.W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Oxford},
        PUBLISHER          = {Clarendon Press},
        TITLE              = {A New Approach to English Grammar on Semantic Principles},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dol94,
        AUTHOR             = {Dolan, W. B.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING94},
        PAGES              = {712-716},
        TITLE              = {Word Sense Ambiguation: clustering related senses},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Dou95,
        AUTHOR             = {Douglas, E. and Hobbs, J.R. and Bear, J. and Israel, D. and Kameyama, M. and Kehler, A. and Martin, D. and Myers, K. and Tyson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{SRI International FASTUS System MUC-6 Test results and Analysis}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@MISC{Douthat98,
        AUTHOR             = {Douthat, A.},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc\_sw/muc\_sw\_manual.html}}},
        TITLE              = {The Message Understanding Conference Scoring Software User's Manual},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@BOOK{Dow81,
        AUTHOR             = {Dowty, D.R. and Wall, R.E. and Peters, P.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Dordrecht},
        PUBLISHER          = {Reidel},
        TITLE              = {Introduction to Montague Semantics},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Doy79,
        AUTHOR             = {Doyle, J.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence 12},
        PAGES              = {231-272},
        TITLE              = {A Truth Maintenance System},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@TECHREPORT{Dra86,
        AUTHOR             = {Draper, S.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {Does Connectionism Constitute A Paradigm Revolution ?},
        TYPE               = {Technical Memo, Experimental Psychology},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{DRAFTER,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Paris and K. Vander Linden},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Computer}, Special Issue on Interactive NLP},
        MONTH              = jul,
        TITLE              = {{DRAFTER}: {A}n {I}nteractive {S}upport {T}ool for {W}riting {M}ultilingual {I}nstructions},
        YEAR               = {1996},
        LOCATION           = {read, HC - Shef}
}

@ARTICLE{Dun93,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Dunning},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Dyb98,
        AUTHOR             = {Dybkj\ae{}r, L. and Bernsen, N.O. and Dybkj\ae{}r, H. and McKelvie, D. and Mengel, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {{\small {\tt http://mate.nis.sdu.dk/}}},
        INSTITUTION        = {MATE Project},
        NUMBER             = {D1.2},
        TITLE              = {{The MATE Markup Framework. MATE Deliverable D1.2}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@TECHREPORT{Dun94,
        AUTHOR             = {Dunning, T},
        ADDRESS            = {Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State},
        NUMBER             = {Technical Report MCCS-94-273},
        TITLE              = {{Statistical Identification of Language}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{Eag96a,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Veronis and N. Ide},
        INSTITUTION        = {EAGLES},
        MONTH              = apr,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://w3.lpl.univ-aix.fr/\-projects/multext/\-LSD/LSD1.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Considerations for the Reusability of Linguistic Software}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Eag96b,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Veronis},
        INSTITUTION        = {MULTEXT/EAGLES},
        MONTH              = apr,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://w3.lpl.univ-aix.fr/\-projects/multext/\-LSD/LSD2.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Guidelines for Linguistic Software Development}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Eag99,
        AUTHOR             = {EAGLES},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.ilc.pi.cnr.it/\-EAGLES96/browse.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{EAGLES recommendations}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{EAGLES96,
        AUTHOR             = {ILC-CNR},
        INSTITUTION        = {EAGLES},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.ilc.pi.cnr.it/\-EAGLES/browse.html}}},
        TITLE              = {Preliminary Recommendations on Subcategorisation EAGLES document EAG-CLWG-SYNLEX/P},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Ear70,
        AUTHOR             = {Earley, J},
        JOURNAL            = {CACM},
        TITLE              = {An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm},
        YEAR               = {1970}
}

@BOOK{EC96,
        AUTHOR             = {CEC},
        KEY                = {CEC},
        PUBLISHER          = {European Commission Directorate General XIII, Luxembourg},
        TITLE              = {{Telematics Applications Programme, Language Engineering Project Directory}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Edm94,
        AUTHOR             = {W. Edmondson and J. Iles},
        NOTE               = {Paper distributed at Dept. of CS Seminar, Sheffield University.},
        TITLE              = {Pantome: An Architecture for Speech and Natural Language Processing},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Edm94b,
        AUTHOR             = {W. Edmondson and J. Iles},
        ADDRESS            = {Yokohama, Japan},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP '94)},
        PAGES              = {29--32},
        TITLE              = {{A Non-linear Architecture for Speech and Natural Language Processing}},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Eje96,
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        EDITOR             = {E. Ejerhed and I. Dagan},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ela99,
        KEY                = {ELAN},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://solaris3.ids-mannheim.de/elan/}}},
        TITLE              = {{ELAN -- European Language Activity Network}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Elc83,
        AUTHOR             = {Elcock, E.W.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Computer},
        TITLE              = {How Complete are Knowledge Representation Systems},
        YEAR               = {October, 1983},
        KEYWORDS           = {krep}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ell97,
        AUTHOR             = {Ellman, J. and Somers, H.L. and Nivre, J. and Multari, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Processing: Extracting Information for Business Needs},
        MONTH              = mar,
        ORGANIZATION       = {Unicom Seminars Ltd.},
        PAGES              = {77-89},
        TITLE              = {{Foreign Language Information Extraction: An Application in the Employment Domain}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Ell98,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Elliott and J. Brzezinski},
        JOURNAL            = {AI Magazine},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {13-30},
        TITLE              = {{Autonomous Agents as Synthetic Characters}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1998},
        KEYWORDS           = {llc}
}

@BOOK{Elmasri94,
        AUTHOR             = {Elmasri, R. and Navathe, S.B.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City, California},
        TITLE              = {Fundamentals of Database Systems},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Eri96,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Eriksson},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.sics.se/\-humle/projects/\-svensk/platforms.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{ALEP}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Eri97a,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Eriksson},
        ADDRESS            = {{\small{\tt http://www.sics.se/\-humle/projects/svensk/}}},
        INSTITUTION        = {SICS},
        TITLE              = {{Final Report of Svensk}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Eri97b,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Eriksson and B. Gamb\"{a}ck},
        ADDRESS            = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Langauge Processing (RANLP-2)},
        TITLE              = {{SVENSK: A Toolbox of Swedish Language Processing Resources}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Eri98,
        AUTHOR             = {F. Olsson and B. Gamb\"{a}ck and M. Eriksson},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Minimising the Efforts for LR Acquisition},
        TITLE              = {{Reusing Swedish Language Processing Resources in SVENSK}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Erm75,
        AUTHOR             = {L.D. Erman and V.R. Lesser},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of IJCAI-75},
        PAGES              = {483--490},
        TITLE              = {{A multi-level organisation for problem solving using many, diverse, cooperating sources of knowledge}},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{Erm80,
        AUTHOR             = {L.D. Erman and F. Hayes-Roth and V.R. Lesser and D.R. Reddy},
        JOURNAL            = {Computing Surveys},
        TITLE              = {{The Hearsay II speech understanding system: integrating knowledge to resolve uncertainty}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ess99,
        AUTHOR             = {{University of Essex}},
        KEY                = {{University of Essex}},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/w3c/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the W3-Corpora web-site}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@PROCEEDINGS{Est97,
        EDITOR             = {D. Estival and A. Lavelli and K. Netter and F. Pianesi},
        MONTH              = jul,
        NOTE               = {Madrid, ACL-EACL'97},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {{Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Eva90,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Evans and A.~F.~Hartley},
        JOURNAL            = {Expert Systems: The International Journal of Knowledge},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {209-214},
        TITLE              = {The traffic information collator},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Eva95,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Evans and R. Gaizauskas and L. Cahill and J. Walker and J. Richardson and A. Dixon},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {POETIC: A System for Gathering and Disseminating Traffic Information},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Eva96,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Evans and G. Gazdar},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{DATR: A Language for Lexical Knowledge Representation}},
        VOLUME             = {22},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Evans95,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Evans and Kilgariff, A.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd language engineering convention},
        PAGES              = {125-132},
        PUBLISHER          = {London},
        TITLE              = {MRDs, Dictionaries, and How to Do Lexical Engineering},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{EvansHartley90,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Evans and A.~F.~Hartley},
        JOURNAL            = {Expert Systems: The International Journal of Knowledge Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {209--214},
        TITLE              = {{The traffic information collator}},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Eys90,
        AUTHOR             = {Eysenck, M.W. and Keane, M.T},
        ADDRESS            = {Hove, U.K.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {{Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@TECHREPORT{Far89,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Farwell and Y. Wilks},
        INSTITUTION        = {Computing Research Lab, New Mexico State University},
        NUMBER             = {NM1989},
        TITLE              = {{ULTRA - a machine translation system}},
        TYPE               = {Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Fay00a,
        AUTHOR             = {M.E. Fayad and M. Laitinen and R.P. Ward},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {115--118},
        TITLE              = {{Software Engineering in the Small}},
        VOLUME             = {43},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Fay96,
        AUTHOR             = {U. Fayyad and G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and P. Smyth},
        JOURNAL            = {AI Magazine},
        PAGES              = {37-54},
        TITLE              = {From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Fer79,
        AUTHOR             = {Ferrante, J. and Rackoff, C.W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{The Computational Complexity of Logical Theories}},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Fik99,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Fikes and A. Farquhar},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {73--79},
        TITLE              = {{Distributed Repositories of Higly Expressive Reusable Ontologies}},
        VOLUME             = {14},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fin94,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Finin and R. Fritzson and D. McKay and R. McEntire},
        ADDRESS            = {Baltimore},
        INSTITUTION        = {Computer Science Department, University of Maryland},
        NUMBER             = {CS-94-02},
        TITLE              = {{KQML -- A Language and Protocol for Knowledge and Information Exchange}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@MISC{Fin95,
        AUTHOR             = {Finch, S. and Thompson, H. and McKelvie, D.},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {LRE 62-050 Deliverable 1.1.2},
        TITLE              = {{Specification of Tool Shell with Discussion of Data and Process Architecture}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Finch94,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Finch},
        ADDRESS            = {Stuttgart},
        BOOKTITLE          = {4th Conference on Applied NLP},
        MONTH              = {October},
        PAGES              = {65--71},
        TITLE              = {Exploiting Sophisticated Representations for Document Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Fis96,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Fischer and W. Mohr and L. Rostek},
        ADDRESS            = {Frankfurt},
        BOOKTITLE          = {TKE '96: Terminology and Knowledge Engineering},
        PAGES              = {245--258},
        TITLE              = {{A Modular, Object-Oriented and Generic Approach for Building Terminology Maintenance Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{forney73,
        AUTHOR             = {Forney, Jr., G.~D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
        PAGES              = {268--278},
        TITLE              = {The {Viterbi} Algorithm},
        VOLUME             = {61},
        YEAR               = {1973}
}

@BOOK{Fow00a,
        AUTHOR             = {Martin Fowler and Kendall Scott},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Welsey},
        TITLE              = {{UML Distilled, Second Edition}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@BOOK{Fow97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Martin Fowler and Kendall Scott},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Welsey},
        TITLE              = {{UML Distilled}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Fow97b,
        AUTHOR             = {Martin Fowler},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Welsey},
        TITLE              = {{Analysis Patterns: Reusable Object Models}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Fra92,
        ADDRESS            = {Englewood Cliffs, N.J.},
        EDITOR             = {W.B. Frakes and R. Baeza-Yates},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall, New York},
        TITLE              = {Information retrieval, data structures and algorithms},
        YEAR               = {1992},
        KEYWORDS           = {ir}
}

@ARTICLE{Fre92,
        AUTHOR             = {Frege, G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Zeitschrift fur {P}hilosophie und philosophische {K}ritik},
        TITLE              = {Uber Sinn und Bedeutung},
        YEAR               = {1892}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fri78a,
        AUTHOR             = {Friedman, J. and Moran, D.B. and Warren, D.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Bergen},
        TITLE              = {Evaluating English Sentences in a Logical Model: A Process Version of Montague Grammar},
        TYPE               = {Paper presented to the 7th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
        YEAR               = {1978.}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fri78b,
        AUTHOR             = {Friedman,J. and Moran,D.B. and Warren,D.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford},
        TITLE              = {Dynamic Interpretations: Semantics in a Process Version of Montague Grammar},
        TYPE               = {Paper presented to the Sloan Foundation Workshop on Formal Semantics},
        YEAR               = {1978}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fri86,
        AUTHOR             = {Frisch, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Rochester, NY},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Rochester},
        TITLE              = {Knowledge Retrieval as Specialized Inference},
        TYPE               = {PhD Thesis, Department of Computer Science},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Fro95,
        AUTHOR             = {Fr\"{o}hlich, M. and Werner, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of DIMACS Workshop on Graph Drawing `94, LNCS 894},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Demonstration of the Graph Visualization System daVinci}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@BOOK{Fu74,
        AUTHOR             = {Fu, K.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {Syntactic Methods in Pattern Recognition},
        YEAR               = {1974}
}

@ARTICLE{Fu75a,
        AUTHOR             = {Fu, K.S. and Booth, T.L.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {Grammatical Inference: Introduction and Survey -- Part I},
        VOLUME             = {SMC-5},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{Fu75b,
        AUTHOR             = {Fu, K.S. and Booth, T.L.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {Grammatical Inference: Introduction and Survey -- Part II},
        VOLUME             = {SMC-5},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai92,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Gaizauskas and R.~Evans and L.~J.~Cahill and J.~Richardson and J.~Walker},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Transportation Engineering},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Institute of Transportation Studies, Univerity of California, Irvine},
        PAGES              = {79--98},
        TITLE              = {{POETIC}: A system for gathering and disseminating traffic information},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Gai92a,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R.J.},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {Deriving Answers to Logical Queries by Answer Composition},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai92b,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {3rd U.K. Annual Conference on Logic Programming, Edinburgh 1991},
        EDITOR             = {Wiggins, G.A. and Mellish, C. and Duncan, T.},
        PAGES              = {112-134},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Deriving Answers to Logical Queries via Answer Composition},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai93,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Cahill, L.J. and Evans, R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Message Undersanding Conference (MUC-5)},
        KEY                = {GCE},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ARPA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Description of the {Sussex} System Used for {MUC-5}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gai95,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {CS-95-24},
        TITLE              = {{XI: A Knowledge Representation Language Based on Cross-Classification and Inheritance}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gai95a,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {CS-95-25},
        TITLE              = {Investigations into the Grammar Underlying the {Penn Treebank II}},
        TYPE               = {Research Memorandum},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai95b,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Wakao, T. and Humphreys, K and Cunningham, H. and Wilks, Y.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the LaSIE system as used for MUC-6.}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai96a,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Humphreys, K.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {DAARC96 - Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lancaster University},
        TITLE              = {{Quantitive Evaluation of Coreference Algorithms in an Information Extraction System}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai96b,
        AUTHOR             = {R.G. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and P. Rodgers and K. Humphreys},
        ADDRESS            = {Toulouse, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI-96)},
        MONTH              = oct,
        TITLE              = {{GATE -- an Environment to Support Research and Development in Natural Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai96c,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Humphreys, K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Prague, Czech Republic},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Robust Parsing},
        EDITOR             = {J. Carroll},
        MONTH              = {August},
        ORGANIZATION       = {European Summer School in Language, Logic and Information},
        PAGES              = {103-113},
        TITLE              = {Using Verb Semantic Role Information to Extend Partial Parses via a Co-reference Mechanism},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Gai96d,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and P. Rodgers and H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-nlp/gate}}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield.},
        TITLE              = {{GATE User Guide}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai96e,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and K. Humphreys},
        ADDRESS            = {Sozopol, Bulgaria},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence:Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA96)},
        PAGES              = {86-95},
        TITLE              = {{XI}: A Simple Prolog-based Language for Cross-Classification and Inheritance},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gai97a,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Gaizauskas and K.~Humphreys},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {CS-97-03},
        TITLE              = {Using a Semantic Network for Information Extraction},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai97b,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Gaizauskas and A.M. ~Robertson},
        ADDRESS            = {Montreal},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of {RIAO'97}},
        TITLE              = {Coupling Information Retrieval and Information Extraction: A New Text Technology for Gathering Information from the Web},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Gai97c,
        AUTHOR             = {R.G. Gaizauskas},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        TITLE              = {{A Review of {\em Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems}, Sparck-Jones and Galliers, 1996}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Gai97d,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Humphreys, K.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution}},
        EDITOR             = {Botley, S. and McEnery, T.},
        PUBLISHER          = {University College London Press},
        TITLE              = {{Quantitive Evaluation of Coreference Algorithms in an Information Extraction System}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai97f,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and K. Humphreys and S. Azzam and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Summer School on Information Extraction (SCIE-97)},
        EDITOR             = {M.T. Pazienza},
        PAGES              = {28-43},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        SERIES             = {LNCS/LNAI},
        TITLE              = {Concepticons {\em vs.} Lexicons: An Architecture for Multilingual Information Extraction},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gai97g,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Humphreys, K.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {CS--97--19},
        TITLE              = {{Quantitative Evaluation of Coreference Algorithms in an Information Extraction System}},
        TYPE               = {Technical report},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Gai98a,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Wilks, Y.},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Documentation},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {70-105},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction: Beyond Document Retrieval}},
        VOLUME             = {54},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gai98b,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and M. Hepple and C. Huyck},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'98)},
        PAGES              = {143-149},
        TITLE              = {A Scheme for Comparative Evaluation of Diverse Parsing Systems},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{GaiRod97a,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and P. Rodgers},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SALT club workshop on Evaluation in Speech and Language Technology},
        TITLE              = {{NL Module Evaluation in GATE}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Gaizauskas92,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Gaizauskas and R.~Evans and L.~J.~Cahill and J.~Richardson and J.~Walker},
        ADDRESS            = {San Buenaventura, California},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Conference Preprints of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Transportation Engineering},
        EDITOR             = {S.~G.~Ritchie and C.~T.~Hendrickson},
        PAGES              = {79--98},
        TITLE              = {POETIC: A system for gathering and disseminating traffic information},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Gal75,
        AUTHOR             = {Gallin, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Amsterdam},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland Publishing Company},
        TITLE              = {Intensional and Higher Order Modal Logic},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@BOOK{Gal77,
        AUTHOR             = {Gallaire, H. and Minker, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Plenum Press},
        TITLE              = {Logic and Databases},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{Gal78,
        AUTHOR             = {Gallagher, R.G.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
        NUMBER             = {6},
        PAGES              = {668-674},
        TITLE              = {Variations on a Theme by Huffman},
        VOLUME             = {IT-24},
        YEAR               = {1978}
}

@ARTICLE{Gal84,
        AUTHOR             = {Gallaire, H. and Minker, J. and Nicolas, J.-M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computing Surveys},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {153-185},
        TITLE              = {Logic and Databases: A Deductive Approach},
        VOLUME             = {16},
        YEAR               = {1984},
        KEYWORDS           = {ldb}
}

@BOOK{Gal86,
        AUTHOR             = {Gallier, J.H.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Harper and Row},
        TITLE              = {Logic for Computer Science},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gal92,
        AUTHOR             = {Gale, W. A. and Church K. W. and Yarowsky D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Harriman, New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        MONTH              = {February},
        TITLE              = {One Sense Per Discourse},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gale92,
        AUTHOR             = {Gale, W. and Church, K. and Yarowsky, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Harriman, New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        MONTH              = {February},
        PAGES              = {233-237},
        TITLE              = {One Sense Per Discourse},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{gallant-nc91,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Gallant},
        JOURNAL            = NC,
        PAGES              = {293--309},
        TITLE              = {A practical approach for representing contexts and for performing word-sense disambiguation using neural networks},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Gam95,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Gamma and R. Helm and R. Johnson and J. Vlissides},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Design Patterns -- Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gamback00,
        AUTHOR             = {Gamb\"{a}ck, B. and Olsson, F.},
        ADDRESS            = {Athens, Greece},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)},
        PAGES              = {155-160},
        TITLE              = {{Experiences of Language Engineering Algorithm Reuse}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@BOOK{Gar79,
        AUTHOR             = {Garey, M.R. and Johnson, D.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        PUBLISHER          = {W.H. Freeman and Co.},
        TITLE              = {Computers and Intractability},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@BOOK{Gar87,
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        EDITOR             = {R. Garside and G. Leech and G. Sampson},
        PUBLISHER          = {Longman},
        TITLE              = {The Computational Analysis of English},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Gar95,
        AUTHOR             = {Garlan, D. and Perry, D.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
        MONTH              = {April},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to the Special Issue on Software Architecture}},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gar95b,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Garlan and R. Allen and J. Ockerbloom},
        ADDRESS            = {Seattle WA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Software Engineering},
        MONTH              = apr,
        TITLE              = {{Architectural Mismatch or Why it's hard to build systems out of existing parts}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gaw82,
        AUTHOR             = {Gawron, J.M. and King, J.J and Lamping, J. and Loebner, E.E and Paulson, E.A. and Pullum, G.A. and Sag, I.A. and Wasow, T.A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto CA},
        INSTITUTION        = {Hewlett-Packard Company},
        TITLE              = {Processing English with a Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar},
        TYPE               = {Computer Science Laboratory Technical Note CSL-82-5},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Gaz82,
        AUTHOR             = {Gazdar, G. and Pullum, G.K. and Sag, I.A.},
        JOURNAL            = {Language},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        TITLE              = {Auxiliaries and Related Phenomena in a Restrictive Theory of Grammar},
        VOLUME             = {58},
        YEAR               = {1982},
        KEYWORDS           = {syn}
}

@BOOK{Gaz85,
        AUTHOR             = {Gazdar, G. and Klein, E. and Pullum, G.K. and Sag, I.A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Oxford},
        PUBLISHER          = {Basil Blackwell},
        TITLE              = {Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Gaz89,
        AUTHOR             = {Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Natural Language Processing in Prolog},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Gaz96,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Gazdar},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Computing Tomorrow: Future Research Directions in Computer Science}},
        EDITOR             = {R. Milner and I. Wand},
        PAGES              = {88-109},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Paradigm merger in natural language processing}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gaz96a,
        AUTHOR             = {Gaizauskas, R. and Wakao, T. and Humphreys, K. and Cunningham, H. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco, California},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)}},
        PAGES              = {207 - 220},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the LaSIE system as used for MUC-6}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{giDayne,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Freitag},
        JOURNAL            = {ICML-97 Workshop on Automata Induction, Grammatical Inference, and Language Acquisition},
        TITLE              = {Using Grammatical Inference to Improve Precission in Information Extraction},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@MISC{Gil96,
        AUTHOR             = {Gillard, P.},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Personal communication},
        NOTE               = {Longmans Group},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{gish90,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Gish},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1361--1364},
        TITLE              = {A probabilistic approach to the understanding and training of neural network classifiers},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Gledhill85,
        AUTHOR             = {Gledhill, Christine},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {The Cinema Book},
        EDITOR             = {Cook, Pam},
        PUBLISHER          = {British Film Institute},
        TITLE              = {Genre},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Gol67,
        AUTHOR             = {Gold, E.M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Information and Control},
        TITLE              = {Language Identification in the Limit},
        VOLUME             = {10},
        YEAR               = {1967}
}

@ARTICLE{Gol81,
        AUTHOR             = {Goldfarb, W. D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Theoretical Computer Science},
        PAGES              = {225-230},
        TITLE              = {The Undecidability of the Second-Order Unification Problem},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@BOOK{Gol90,
        AUTHOR             = {Charles F. Goldfarb},
        PUBLISHER          = {Oxford University Press},
        TITLE              = {The SGML Handbook},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Gol98,
        AUTHOR             = {C.F. Goldfarb and P. Prescod},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{The XML Handbook}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Gomez94,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Gomez and R.~Hull and C.~Segami},
        ADDRESS            = {Stuttgart},
        BOOKTITLE          = {4th Conference on Applied NLP},
        MONTH              = {October},
        PAGES              = {84--90},
        TITLE              = {Acquiring Knowledge from Encyclopaedic Texts},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Gon97,
        AUTHOR             = {J.M. Goni and J.C. Gonzalez and A. Moreno},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {317--347},
        TITLE              = {{ARIES: A lexical platform for engineering Spanish processing tools}},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{gopal-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~S.~Gopalakrishnan and L.~R.~Bahl and R.~L.~Mercer},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {572--575},
        TITLE              = {A tree-search strategy for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Gor79,
        AUTHOR             = {Gordon, M.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer},
        TITLE              = {The Denotational Description of Programming Languages: an Introduction},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gor94,
        AUTHOR             = {Gorlick, M. and Quilici, A.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings VL'94 Tenth Annual IEEE Conference on Visual Languages, St.Louis},
        PUBLISHER          = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
        TITLE              = {{Visual Programming-in-the-Large versus Visual Programming-in-the-Small}},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gor96,
        AUTHOR             = {G. G\"{o}rz and M. Kessler and J. Spilker and H. Weber},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING-96},
        TITLE              = {{Research on Architectures for Integrated Speech/Language Systems in Verbmobil}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{gorin-csl91,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Gorin and S.~Levinson and A.~Gertner and E.~Goldman},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
        PAGES              = {101--132},
        TITLE              = {Adaptive acquistion of language},
        VOLUME             = {5},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Got89,
        AUTHOR             = {G\"{o}ttler, H.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {ESEC'89. 2nd European Software Engineering Conference. University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. LNCS 387},
        PAGES              = {336-350},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {{Graph Grammars: A New Paradigm for Implementing Visual Languages}},
        YEAR               = {1989},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@TECHREPORT{Got98,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Gotoh and S. Renals and R. Gaizauskas and G. Williams and H. Cunningham},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {CS-98-05},
        TITLE              = {{Named Entity Tagged Language Models for LVCSR}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{gotoh-roysoc00,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Gotoh and S.~Renals},
        JOURNAL            = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A},
        NUMBER             = {1769},
        PAGES              = {1295-1309},
        TITLE              = {Information Extraction from Broadcast News},
        VOLUME             = {358},
        YEAR               = {2000},
        NOTE		   = {http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\~{}sjr/pubs/2000/rs00-preprint.html}
}

@BOOK{Gra84,
        AUTHOR             = {Gray, P.},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {Logic, Algebra, and Databases},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{Gre96,
        AUTHOR             = {T.R. G. Green and M. Petre},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Visual Languages and Visual Computing},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {134-174},
        TITLE              = {Usability Analysis of Visual Programming Environments: a `cognitive dimensions' framework},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Gre99,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Greenspun},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufman, California},
        TITLE              = {{Philip and Alex's Guide to Web Publishing}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{green-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~D.~Green and M.~P.~Cooke and M.~D.~Crawford},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {401--404},
        TITLE              = {{Auditory Scence Analysis and {HMM}-Recognition of Speech in Noise}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Gri86,
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, New Jersey},
        EDITOR             = {Grishman, R. and Kittredge, R.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains: Sublanguage Description and Processing},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gri93,
        AUTHOR             = {Grishman, R. and Sterling, J.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC-5})},
        PAGES              = {181-194},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Description of the {Proteus} System as Used for {MUC-5}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gri95,
        AUTHOR             = {Grishman, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, New York University},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.cs.nyu.edu/\-tipster}}},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER Architecture Design Document Version 1.52 (Tinman Architecture)}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gri95b,
        AUTHOR             = {Grishman, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, New York University},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.cs.nyu.edu/\-tipster}}},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER Architecture Design Document Version 2.0 (Tinman Architecture)}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gri95c,
        AUTHOR             = {Grishman, R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference ({MUC-6})},
        PAGES              = {167-176},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {The {NYU} System for {MUC-6} or Where's the Syntax},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gri96,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Grishman and B. Sundheim},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = jun,
        TITLE              = {Message Understanding Conference - 6: A Brief History},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gri96b,
        AUTHOR             = {Grishman, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {DARPA},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/\-div894/\-894.02/\-related\_projects/\-tipster/}}},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER Architecture Design Document Version 2.3}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Gri97a,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Grishman},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Information Extraction: a Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction: Techniques and Challenges}},
        YEAR               = {Springer 1997}
}

@BOOK{Gro86,
        ADDRESS            = {Los Altos, CA},
        EDITOR             = {B.J. Grosz and K. Sparck-Jones and B.L. Webber},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Readings in Natural Language Processing},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@MISC{Gro93,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Grover and J. Carroll and T. Briscoe},
        TITLE              = {The Alvey Natural Language Tools},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        LOCATION           = {HCRC, Edinburgh}
}

@BOOK{Gru76,
        AUTHOR             = {J.S. Gruber},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {Lexical structures in syntax and semantics},
        YEAR               = {1976}
}

@ARTICLE{Gua99,
        AUTHOR             = {N. Guarino and C. Masolo and G. Vetere},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {70--80},
        TITLE              = {{OntoSeek: Content-Based Access to the Web}},
        VOLUME             = {14},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Guh90,
        AUTHOR             = {Guha, R.V. and Lenat, D.B.},
        JOURNAL            = {AI Magazine},
        MONTH              = {Fall},
        TITLE              = {Cyc: A Midterm Report},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@TECHREPORT{Guo89,
        AUTHOR             = {Guo, C-M},
        INSTITUTION        = {Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University},
        NUMBER             = {MCCS-89-156},
        TITLE              = {{Constructing a Machine Tractable Dictionary from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{gupta-jasa88,
        AUTHOR             = {V.~Gupta and M.~Lennig and P.~Mermelstein},
        JOURNAL            = {{Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}},
        PAGES              = {2007--2017},
        TITLE              = {Fast search strategy in a large vocabulary speech recognizer},
        VOLUME             = {84},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Guthrie90,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~Guthrie and B.~Slator and Y.~Wilks and R.~Bruce},
        ADDRESS            = {Helsinki, Finland},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-90)},
        PAGES              = {138--143},
        TITLE              = {Is there content in Empty Heads?},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{Hae88,
        AUTHOR             = {Haeberli, P.E.},
        JOURNAL            = {ACM Computer Graphics},
        NOTE               = {ACM SIGGRAPH '88},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {103-111},
        TITLE              = {{ConMan: A Visual Programming Language for Interactive Graphics}},
        VOLUME             = {22},
        YEAR               = {1988},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@ARTICLE{haeb-umbach-sap94,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Haeb-Umbach and H.~Ney},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {353--356},
        TITLE              = {Improvements in Beam Search for 10~000-Word Continuous-Speech Recognition},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Hah94,
        AUTHOR             = {W. {von Hahn}},
        JOURNAL            = {Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {48--69},
        TITLE              = {{The Architecture Problem in Natural Language Processing}},
        VOLUME             = {61},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Hal85,
        AUTHOR             = {Halliday, M.A.K.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Edward Arnold},
        TITLE              = {An Introduction to Functional Grammar},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Han79,
        AUTHOR             = {Hanks, P.},
        ADDRESS            = {London \& Glasgow},
        PUBLISHER          = {Collins},
        TITLE              = {Collins English Dictionary},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Har91,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Harrison},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems, ACL},
        TITLE              = {{Evaluating Syntax Performance of Parsers/Grammars of English}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Har97,
        AUTHOR             = {Harley, A. and Glennon, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, D.C.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SIGLEX Workshop ``Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics''},
        PAGES              = {74-78},
        PUBLISHER          = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Sense Tagging in Action: Combining Different Tests with Additive Weights},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Hau81,
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        EDITOR             = {Haugeland, J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Mind Design},
        YEAR               = {1981},
        KEYWORDS           = {phil}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hav93,
        AUTHOR             = {Havel, I.M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {758-766},
        TITLE              = {Artificial Thought and Emergent Mind},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        LOCATION           = {RG File}
}

@TECHREPORT{Hay94,
        AUTHOR             = {Hayes-Roth, F.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Techknowledge Federal Systems},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.oswego.com/dssa/}}, visited 29th March 1999},
        TITLE              = {{Architecture-Based Acquisition and Development of Software: Guidelines and Recommendations from the ARPA Domain-Specific Software Architecture (DSSA) Program}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hen96a,
        AUTHOR             = {D.G. Hendry and D.J. Harper},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of SIGIR-96.},
        PAGES              = {94--100},
        TITLE              = {{An Architecture for Implementing Extensible Information-Seeking Environments}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hen96b,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Henrich},
        ADDRESS            = {Zurich},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of SIGIR '96},
        PAGES              = {101--109},
        TITLE              = {{Document Retrieval Facilities for Repository-Based System Development Environments}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Hen99,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Hendler and K. Stoffel},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {63--69},
        TITLE              = {{Back-End Technology for High-Performance Knowledge Representation Systems}},
        VOLUME             = {14},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Hew80,
        AUTHOR             = {Hewitt, C. and Attardi, G. and Simi, M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the First National Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PUBLISHER          = {AAAI},
        TITLE              = {Knowledge Embedding in the Description System Omega},
        YEAR               = {1980},
        KEYWORDS           = {krep}
}

@ARTICLE{Hil92,
        AUTHOR             = {Hils, D.D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing},
        PAGES              = {69-101},
        TITLE              = {{Visual Languages and Computing Survey: Data Flow Visual Programming Languages}},
        YEAR               = {1992},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INCOLLECTION{HindleRooth90,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~Hindle and M.~Rooth},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        TITLE              = {Structural Ambiguity and Lexical Relations},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Hir81,
        AUTHOR             = {Hirst, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Anaphora in Natural Language Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@BOOK{Hir87,
        AUTHOR             = {Hirst, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {Semantic Interpreatation and the Resolution of Ambiguity},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Hob77,
        AUTHOR             = {Hobbs, J.R. and Rosenschein, S.J.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Making Computational Sense of Montague's Intensional Logic},
        VOLUME             = {9},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Hob85,
        AUTHOR             = {Jerry Hobbs},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Readings in Natural Language},
        EDITOR             = {B. Grosz K. Sparck-Jones B. Webber},
        JOURNAL            = {Lingua},
        PAGES              = {311-338},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Resolving Pronoun References},
        VOLUME             = {44},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{Hob86,
        AUTHOR             = {J.R. Hobbs},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {220-222},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufman, California},
        TITLE              = {The {TACITUS} Project},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hob91,
        AUTHOR             = {Hobbs, J.R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third Message Understanding Conference {MUC-3}},
        PAGES              = {200-206},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Description of the {TACITUS} System as Used for {MUC-3}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hob92,
        AUTHOR             = {Hobbs, J.R. and Appelt, D. and Tyson, M. and Bear, J. and Israel, D.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fourth Message Understanding Conference {MUC-4}},
        PAGES              = {268-275},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Description of the {FASTUS} System as Used for {MUC-4}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hob93,
        AUTHOR             = {Hobbs, J.R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-5)},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/\-div894/894.02/\-related\_projects/\-tipster/gen\_ie.htm}}},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{The Generic Information Extraction System}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Hob93b,
        AUTHOR             = {J.R. Hobbs and M.E. Stickel and D.E. Appelt and P. Martin},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {69-142},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufman, California},
        TITLE              = {Interpretation as Abduction},
        VOLUME             = {63},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Hod85a,
        AUTHOR             = {Hodges, W.A.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Queen Mary College, London},
        NOTE               = {Unpublished Paper},
        TITLE              = {Reducing First-Order Logic to Horn Logic},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Hod85b,
        AUTHOR             = {Hodges, W.A.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        NOTE               = {Paper presented at a meeting on ``Prolog and its Relevance to Philosophy'' at King's College on October 25},
        TITLE              = {The Logical Basis of Prolog},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Hog84,
        AUTHOR             = {Hogger, C.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {Introduction to Logic Programming},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Hor89,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Horowitz and W. Hill},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Art of Electronics}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Hovy90-catalina,
        AUTHOR             = {Hovy, Eduard H.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural language generation in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {C\'ecile L. Paris and William R. Swartout and William C. Mann},
        KEY                = {Hovy},
        MONTH              = {July},
        NOTE               = {Presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation. Santa Catalina Island, CA, July, 1988.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
        TITLE              = {Approaches to the Planning of Coherent Text},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef, disk, Yorick (report)}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{htk-eurospeech93,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~C.~Woodland and S.~J.~Young},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        TITLE              = {The {HTK} Tied-State Continuous Speech Recogniser},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{htk-icassp94,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~C.~Woodland and J.~J.~Odell and V.~Valtchev and S.~J.~Young},
        ADDRESS            = {Adelaide},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {125--128},
        TITLE              = {Large Vocabulary continuous speech recognition using {HTK}},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Hua90,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Huang and Y. Ariki and M. Jack},
        PUBLISHER          = {Edinburgh University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{huggins,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~W.~F.~Huggins and R.~S.~Nickerson},
        JOURNAL            = {{Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}},
        PAGES              = {1896--1906},
        TITLE              = {Speech quality evaluation using `phoneme-specific' sentences},
        VOLUME             = {77},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Hum96,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and S. Azzam},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-nlp/gate/}}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        TITLE              = {{CREOLE Module Specifications}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hum98a,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and S. Azzam and C. Huyck and B. Mitchell and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)},
        PUBLISHER          = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the LaSIE system as used for MUC-7.}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Humphreys00,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Humphreys and G. Demetriou and R. Gaizauskas},
        ADDRESS            = {Honolulu, Hawaii},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proc. of Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing (PSB-2000)},
        TITLE              = {Two Applications of Information Extraction to Biological Science Journal Articles: Enzyme Interactions and Protein Structures},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@BOOK{Hut86,
        AUTHOR             = {W.J. Hutchins},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chichester : Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {Machine Translation: past, present, future},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@BOOK{Hut92,
        AUTHOR             = {W. John Hutchins and Harold L. Somers},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{An Introduction to Machine Translation}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Huy94,
        AUTHOR             = {Huyck, C.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Computer Science and Engineering Division, The University of Michigan},
        TITLE              = {PLINK: An Intelligent Natural Language Parser (CSE-TR-218-94)},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Hyv83,
        AUTHOR             = {Eero Hyv{\"o}nen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'83)},
        PAGES              = {671-674},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Graph Grammar Approach to Natural Language Parsing and Understanding}},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1983},
        KEYWORDS           = {parse}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-baseform91,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and S.~Das and P.~V.~{de Souza} and M.~Epstein and R.~L.~Mercer and B.~Merialdo and D.~Nahamoo and M.~A.~Picheny and J.~Powell},
        ADDRESS            = {Toronto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {173--176},
        TITLE              = {Automatic phonetic baseform determination},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-cache,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek and B.~Merialdo and S.~Roukos and M.~Strauss},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings DARPA Workshop on Speech and Natural Language}},
        MONTH              = {February},
        PAGES              = {293--295},
        TITLE              = {A dynamic language model for speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-channelbank-icassp94,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~S.~Gopalakrishnan and D.~Nahamoo and M.~Padmanabhan and M.~A.~Picheny},
        ADDRESS            = {Adelaide},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {161--164},
        TITLE              = {A channel-bank-based phone detection strategy},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-class90,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek and R.~Mercer and S.~Roukos},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {621--624},
        TITLE              = {Classifying words for improved statistical language models},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{ibm-csl87,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and P.~F.~Brown and P.~V.~{de Souza} and R.~L.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
        PAGES              = {219--234},
        TITLE              = {Speech recognition with continuous parameter hidden {Markov} models},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{ibm-csl92,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and P.~S.~Gopalakrishnan and D.~S.~Kanevsky and D.~Nahamoo},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
        PAGES              = {215--224},
        TITLE              = {A fast admissable method for identifying a short list of candidate words},
        VOLUME             = {6},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-icassp89,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and R.~Bakis and J.~Bellegarda and P.~F.~Brown and D.~Burshtein and S.~K.~Das and P.~V.~{de Souza} and P.~S.~Gopalakrishnan and F.~Jelinek and D.~Kanevsky and R.~L.~Mercer and A.~J.~Nadas and D.~Nahamoo and M.~A.~Picheny},
        ADDRESS            = {Glasgow},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {465--467},
        TITLE              = {Large vocabulary natural language continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibm-mmi,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and P.~F.~Brown and P.~V.~{de Souza} and R.~L.~Mercer},
        ADDRESS            = {Tokyo},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {49--52},
        TITLE              = {Maximum mutual information estimation of hidden {Markov} model parameters for speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{ibm-pami83,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and F.~Jelinek and R.~L.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}},
        PAGES              = {179--190},
        TITLE              = {A maximum likelihood approach to continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {PAMI-5},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@MISC{ibm-patent,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and F.~Jelinek},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {US Patent 4,748,670},
        MONTH              = {May},
        TITLE              = {Apparatus and Method for determining a likely word sequence from labels generated by an acoustic processor},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{ibm-sap93,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Bahl and S.~V.~{De Gennaro} and P.~S.~Gopalakrishnan and R.~L.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {59--67},
        TITLE              = {A fast approximate acoustic match for large vocabulary speech recognitio},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{ibm-tied,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~R.~Bellegarda and D.~Nahamoo},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {2033--2045},
        TITLE              = {Tied mixture continuous parameter modeling for speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {38},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ibm99a,
        AUTHOR             = {IBM},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.ibm.com/\-java/education/\-oobuilding/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Building Object-Oriented Frameworks}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ibm99b,
        AUTHOR             = {IBM},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.ibm.com/\-java/education/\-ooleveraging/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Leveraging Object-Oriented Frameworks}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ibr89,
        AUTHOR             = {M.H. Ibrahim and F.A. Cummins},
        ADDRESS            = {Los Angeles},
        BOOKTITLE          = {IEEE International Workshop on Tools for Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {108--113},
        TITLE              = {{TARO: An Interactive, Object-Oriented Tool for Building Natural Language Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{icmlDayne,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Freitag},
        JOURNAL            = {To appear in Proceedings of ICML-98},
        TITLE              = {Multistrategy Learning for Information Extraction},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ide94,
        AUTHOR             = {Ide, N. and Veronis, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Grenoble},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Future of the Dictionary},
        TITLE              = {Have we wasted our time?},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ide98a,
        AUTHOR             = {N. Ide},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the First International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
        PAGES              = {463--470},
        TITLE              = {{Corpus Encoding Standard: SGML Guidelines for Encoding Linguistic Corpora}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ide98b,
        AUTHOR             = {N. Ide},
        ADDRESS            = {Montreal},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Very Large Corpora},
        PAGES              = {9--17},
        TITLE              = {{Encoding Linguistic Corpora}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ide99,
        AUTHOR             = {N. Ide and G. Priest-Dorman},
        NOTE               = {{\small{\tt http://www.cs.vassar.edu\-/CES/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Corpus Encoding Standard}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@BOOK{IE-tutorial97,
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin Heidelberg},
        EDITOR             = {M.T. Pazienza},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology},
        YEAR               = {1997},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Yorick}
}

@ARTICLE{IecuAIII,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Vanderheyden and R. Cohen},
        JOURNAL            = {AAAI-98 Workshop on AI and Information Integration},
        PAGES              = {137-142},
        TITLE              = {Information extraction and the casual user},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Isa98,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Isard and D. McKelvie and H.S. Thompson},
        ADDRESS            = {Sydney},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP '98)},
        TITLE              = {{Towards a Minimal Standard for Dialogue Transcripts: A New Sgml Architecture for the HCRC Map Task Corpus}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{iyer-icslp96,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Iyer and M.~Ostendorf},
        ADDRESS            = {Philadelphia PA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        TITLE              = {Modelling long distance dependences in language: Topic mixtures vs. dynamic cache models},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Jac75,
        AUTHOR             = {M.A. Jackson},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {{Principles of Program Design}},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{Jac90,
        AUTHOR             = {Jacobs, P.S. and Rau, L.F.},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {11},
        PAGES              = {88-97},
        TITLE              = {SCISOR: Extracting information from on-line news},
        VOLUME             = {33},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Jac92,
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, NJ},
        EDITOR             = {Jacobs, P.S.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jac93,
        AUTHOR             = {Jacobs, P. and Krupka, G.R. and Rau, L.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-5)},
        PAGES              = {109-120},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the SHOGUN System as used for MUC-5}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Jac99,
        AUTHOR             = {Jacobson, I. and Booch, G. and Rumbaugh, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{The Unified Software Development Process}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Jacobs90,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~S.~Jacobs and L.~F.~Rau},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {11},
        PAGES              = {88--97},
        TITLE              = {Scisor: Extracting information from on-line news},
        VOLUME             = {33},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Jacobs92,
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, NJ},
        EDITOR             = {P.~S.~Jacobs},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Jel85,
        AUTHOR             = {F. Jelinek},
        INSTITUTION        = {IBM},
        NUMBER             = {28},
        TITLE              = {Self-organising Language Modelling for Speech Recognition},
        TYPE               = {IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Jel97,
        AUTHOR             = {F. Jelinek},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{jelinek-eurospeech91,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1037--1039},
        TITLE              = {Up from trigrams! {The} struggle for improved language models},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{jelinek-ieee76,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
        PAGES              = {532--556},
        TITLE              = {Continuous speech recognition by statistical methods},
        VOLUME             = {64},
        YEAR               = {1976}
}

@ARTICLE{jelinek-it75,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek and L.~R.~Bahl and R.~L.~Mercer},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Information Theory}},
        PAGES              = {250--256},
        TITLE              = {Design of a linguistic statistical decoder for the recognition of continuous speech},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@ARTICLE{jelinek-lafferty91,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek and J.~D.~Lafferty},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computational Linguistics}},
        PAGES              = {315--323},
        TITLE              = {Computation of the probability of initial substring generation by stochastic context-free grammars},
        VOLUME             = {17},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{jelinek-lmreview,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Readings in Speech Recognition},
        EDITOR             = {A.~Waibel and K.~F.~Lee},
        PAGES              = {450--506},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Self-organised language modelling for speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{jelinek-stack,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Jelinek},
        JOURNAL            = {IBM Journal of Research and Development},
        PAGES              = {675--685},
        TITLE              = {Fast sequential decoding algorithm using a stack},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1969}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Jin98,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Jing and K. McKeown},
        ADDRESS            = {Montreal},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 36th ACL and the 17th COLING (ACL-COLING '98)},
        PAGES              = {607--613},
        TITLE              = {{Combining Multiple, Large-Scale Resources in a Reusable Lexicon for Natural Language Generation}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Joh95,
        AUTHOR             = {J.A. Johnson and R.S. Rosenberg},
        JOURNAL            = {International Journal of Intelligent Systems},
        NUMBER             = {9},
        PAGES              = {771--808},
        TITLE              = {{A Data Management Strategy for Transportable Natural Language Interfaces}},
        VOLUME             = {10},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Jon82,
        EDITOR             = {Jonassen, D.H.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Educational Technology Publications},
        TITLE              = {The Technology of Text},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Jon85,
        EDITOR             = {K. Sparck-Jones and Y. Wilks},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Natural Language Parsing}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Jon90,
        AUTHOR             = {C.B. Jones},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Systematic Software development using VDM}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Jon96,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Sparck-Jones and J. Galliers},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer},
        TITLE              = {{Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Jon97,
        AUTHOR             = {Johnson, R.},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/\-users/johnson/\-frameworks.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Frameworks Home Page}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{jones-eurospeech95,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Jones and H.~Lloyd-Thomas and J.~Wright},
        ADDRESS            = {Madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1789--1792},
        TITLE              = {Lattice parsing and application of integrated language models for speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Joshi87,
        AUTHOR             = {Joshi, Aravind K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Boston/Dordrecht},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Generation: Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Psychology, and Linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {Gerard Kempen},
        KEY                = {Joshi},
        NOTE               = {Paper presented at the Third International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, August 1986, Nijmegen, The Netherlands},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
        TITLE              = {The relevance of tree adjoining grammar to generation},
        YEAR               = {1987},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef (Kempen)}
}

@ARTICLE{juang-rabiner85,
        AUTHOR             = {B.~H.~Juang and L.~R.~Rabiner},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1404--1412},
        TITLE              = {Mixture autoregressive hidden {Markov} models for speech signals},
        VOLUME             = {33},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{jurafsky-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~Jurafsky and C.~Wooters and J.~Segal and A.~Stolcke and E.~Fosler and G.~Tajchman andN.~Morgan},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit MI},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing},
        PAGES              = {189--192},
        TITLE              = {Using a context-free grammar as a language model for speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{jurafsky-icslp94,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~Jurafsky and C.~Wooters and G.~Tajchman and J.~Segal and A.~Stolcke and N.~Morgan},
        ADDRESS            = {Seattle},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Integration of Natural Language and Speech Processing},
        PAGES              = {107--115},
        TITLE              = {Integrating Experimental Models of Syntax, Phonology, and Accent/Dialect in a Speech Recognizer},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        ORGANISATION = {AAAI}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Kam81,
        AUTHOR             = {Kamp, H},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Formal Methods in The Study of Language},
        PUBLISHER          = {J. Groenendijk, Jannsen, T, and Stokhof, M},
        TITLE              = {A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kam97,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Kameyama},
        BOOKTITLE          = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Cross-Language Text and Speech Processing},
        TITLE              = {{Information Extraction across Linguistic Boundaries}},
        YEAR               = {Stanford University, 1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Kap82,
        AUTHOR             = {Kaplan, R. and Bresnan, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations},
        EDITOR             = {Joan Bresnan},
        PAGES              = {173-281},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Lexical Functional Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@ARTICLE{Kar84,
        AUTHOR             = {Karttunen,L.},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford CA},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
        PUBLISHER          = {Stanford University},
        TITLE              = {Features and Values},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kar96,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Karov and S. Edelman},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Very Large Corpora},
        EDITOR             = {E. Ejerhed and I. Dagan},
        TITLE              = {{Learning similarity-based word sense disambiguation from sparse data}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Karkaletsis92,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Karkaletsis and N.~Fecos and C.~D.~Spyropoulos},
        MONTH              = {January},
        NUMBER             = {BE 224},
        TITLE              = {System for exploiting knowledge from natural language texts},
        TYPE               = {Technical report of the Research Programme PABE-88},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Karkaletsis94,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Karkaletsis and C.~Spyropoulos and G.~Vouros},
        ADDRESS            = {Santorini},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of `Language Engineering on the Information Highway' Workshop},
        MONTH              = {September},
        TITLE              = {A Knowledge Based Approach for Organising Terminological Data and Generating Messages in Software Applications},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Karkaletsis95,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Karkaletsis and C.~Spyropoulos and G.~Vouros},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Lecture Notes in AI (LNAI)},
        MONTH              = {March},
        NUMBER             = {898},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {The use of Terminological Knowledge Bases in Software Localisation},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Karkaletsis95b,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Karkaletsis and C.~Spyropoulos and G.~Vouros and C.~Halatsis},
        JOURNAL            = {TermNet News (TNN) The Journal for International Cooperation in Terminology},
        MONTH              = {March},
        TITLE              = {Organisation and Exloitation of Terminological Knowledge in Software Localisation},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Karkaletsis95c,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Karkaletsis},
        NOTE               = {In Greek},
        SCHOOL             = {Department of Informatics, University of Athens},
        TITLE              = {Terminological Knowledge Bases and their Exploitation in Multilingual Software Applications},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Kay79,
        AUTHOR             = {Kay,M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Berkeley, CA},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society},
        PAGES              = {142-158},
        PUBLISHER          = {Berkeley Linguistic Society},
        TITLE              = {Functional Grammar},
        YEAR               = {1979.}
}

@ARTICLE{Kay80,
        AUTHOR             = {Kay,M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Machine Translation},
        NOTE               = {Originally appeared as a Xerox PARC Working Paper in 1980},
        PAGES              = {3-23},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{The Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Kay94,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Kay and J.M. Gawron and P. Norvig},
        PUBLISHER          = {CSLI, Stanford, CA},
        TITLE              = {{Verbmobil, A Translation System for Face-to-Face Dialog}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Kay97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Kay,M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Machine Translation},
        NOTE               = {Originally appeared as a Xerox PARC Working Paper in 1980},
        PAGES              = {3-23},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{The Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Kay97b,
        AUTHOR             = {Kay,M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Machine Translation},
        PAGES              = {3-23},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {{It's Still the Proper Place}},
        VOLUME             = {12},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kel84,
        AUTHOR             = {Keller, W.R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {A Program for Analysing Questions},
        TYPE               = {M.A. Thesis, Cognitive Studies Programme},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Kel86,
        AUTHOR             = {Keller, W.R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sussex},
        NOTE               = {Unpublished Paper, Cognitive Studies Programme},
        TITLE              = {Nested Cooper Storage: The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary Noun Phrases},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {sem}
}

@ARTICLE{kenny-sap93,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Kenny and R.~Hollan and V.~N.~Gupta and M.~Lennig and P.~Mermelstein and D.~O'Shaughnessy},
        JOURNAL            = sap,
        PAGES              = {59--58},
        TITLE              = {A*-admissible heuristics for rapid lexical access},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{kershaw-nips8,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~J.~Kershaw and M.~M.~Hochberg and A.~J.~Robinson},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Context-Dependent Classes in a Hybrid Recurrent Network-HMM Speech Recognition System},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kho96,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Kohavi and D. Sommerfield},
        INSTITUTION        = {Silicon Graphics Inc.},
        TITLE              = {{MLC++ - Machine Learning Library in C++}},
        TYPE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.sgi.com/\-Technology/mlc}}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Kil92,
        AUTHOR             = {Kilgarriff, A.},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {Polysemy},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Kil93,
        AUTHOR             = {Kilgarriff, A.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computers and the Humanities},
        PAGES              = {356-387},
        TITLE              = {Dictionary Word Sense Distinctions: An Enquiry into their Nature},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kil95,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Kilgarriff and R. Evans},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Language Engineering Conference, London},
        TITLE              = {{Standards and How to Do Lexical Research}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Kirk83,
        AUTHOR             = {Kirkpatrick, S. and Gelatt, C. and Vecci, M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Science},
        NUMBER             = {4598},
        PAGES              = {671-680},
        TITLE              = {Optimisation by simulated annealing},
        VOLUME             = {220},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@BOOK{Kit82,
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        EDITOR             = {Kittredge, R. and Lehrberger, J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Walter de Gruyter},
        TITLE              = {Sublanguage: Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{klovstad74,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~W.~Klovstad and L.~F.~Mondshein},
        ADDRESS            = {Carnegie-Mellon University},
        BOOKTITLE          = {IEEE Symposium on Speech Recognition},
        PAGES              = {234--240},
        TITLE              = {The {CASPERS} linguistic analysis system},
        YEAR               = {1974}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Knapp97,
        AUTHOR             = {Knapp, Peter},
        ADDRESS            = {{\small {\tt http:www.arch.apana.org.au/p.knapp/chapter4.pdf}}},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Technology, Sydney},
        TITLE              = {Virtual Grammar: Writing as Affect/Effect},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Knu93,
        AUTHOR             = {D.E. Knuth},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {ACM Press},
        TITLE              = {{The Stanford GraphBase, A Platform for Combinatorial Computing}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Kobsa90,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Kobsa},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {193--208},
        TITLE              = {Modelling the User's Conceptual Knowledge in BGP-MS, a User Modelling Shell System},
        VOLUME             = {6},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Koh81,
        AUTHOR             = {Kohonen, T. and Oja, E. and Lehtio, P.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, N.J.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Parallel Models of Associative Memory},
        EDITOR             = {Hinton, G.E. and Anderson, J.A.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {Storage and Processing of Information in Distributed Associative Memory Systems},
        YEAR               = {1981},
        KEYWORDS           = {conn}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kok98,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Kokkinakis},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 11th NODALIDA Conference},
        PAGES              = {22-33},
        TITLE              = {{AVENTINUS, GATE and Swedish Lingware}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kok99,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Kokkinakis and S. Johansson-Kokkinakis},
        ADDRESS            = {G\"{o}teborg},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Swedish, University of G\"{o}teborg},
        TITLE              = {{A Cascaded Finite-State Parser for Syntactic Analysis of Swedish}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kokkinakis99,
        AUTHOR             = {Kokkinakis, D. and Johansson-Kokkinakis, S.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Dept. of Swedish, G\"{o}teborg University},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://svenska.gu.se/~svedk/\-publications.html}}},
        NUMBER             = {GU-ISS-99-2},
        TITLE              = {Cascaded Finite-State Parser for Syntactic Analysis of Swedish},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kon95,
        AUTHOR             = {J.L. Koning and M.H. Stefanini and Yves Deamzeau},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
        TITLE              = {{DAI Interaction Protocols as Control Strategies in a Natural Language Processing System}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Kow71,
        AUTHOR             = {Kowalski, R. and Kuehner, D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Linear Resolution with Selection Function},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1971},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@ARTICLE{Kow75,
        AUTHOR             = {Kowalski, R.},
        JOURNAL            = {J.ACM},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {A Proof Procedure Using Connection Graphs},
        VOLUME             = {22},
        YEAR               = {1975},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@BOOK{Kow79,
        AUTHOR             = {Kowalski, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {Logic and Problem Solving},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kro94,
        AUTHOR             = {Krotov, A. and Gaizauskas, R. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {Dublin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference of the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing (CSNLP94)},
        MONTH              = jul,
        PAGES              = {79-86},
        TITLE              = {Acquiring a Stochastic Context-Free Grammar from the Penn Treebank},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        KEYWORDS           = {nlp}
}

@INCOLLECTION{KrotovGaizauskasWilks94,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Krotov and R.~Gaizauskas and Y.~Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Dublin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Third International Conference of the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing (CSNLP94)},
        MONTH              = {July},
        TITLE              = {Acquiring a Stochastic Context-Free Grammar from the Penn Treebank},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kru92,
        AUTHOR             = {Krupka, G.R. and Jacobs, P. and Rau, L. and Childs, L. and Sider, I.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fourth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-4)},
        PAGES              = {177-185},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{GE NLTOOLSET: Description of the System as used for MUC-4}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Kru95,
        AUTHOR             = {Krupka, G.R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PAGES              = {221-236},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the SRA System as used for MUC-6}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{kuhn-pami92,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Kuhn and R.~{de Mori}},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}},
        PAGES              = {570--583},
        TITLE              = {A cache-based natural language model for speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {14},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{kuhn-pami95,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Kuhn and R.~{de Mori}},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}},
        PAGES              = {449--460},
        TITLE              = {The application of semantic classification trees to natural language understanding},
        VOLUME             = {17},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

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        YEAR               = {1962}
}

@ARTICLE{Lan85,
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        YEAR               = {1985},
        KEYWORDS           = {sem}
}

@ARTICLE{Lan88,
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        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of COLING 88},
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        YEAR               = {1988}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Lan95,
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        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings VL'95 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt},
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        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@ARTICLE{Lap94,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Lappin and H.J. Leass},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {535-561},
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        VOLUME             = {20},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

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        AUTHOR             = {J.H. Larkin and H.A. Simon},
        JOURNAL            = {Cognitive Science},
        PAGES              = {65-99},
        TITLE              = {Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Then Thousand Words},
        VOLUME             = {11},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{lari-csl90,
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        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
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        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1990}
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        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {55-62},
        TITLE              = {Discourse Relations and Defeasible Knowledge},
        YEAR               = {1991}
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@TECHREPORT{Las99,
        AUTHOR             = {O. Lassila and R.R. Swick},
        ADDRESS            = {{\small {\tt http://www.w3.org/\-TR/REC-rdf-syntax/}}},
        INSTITUTION        = {W3C Consortium},
        NUMBER             = {19990222},
        TITLE              = {{Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

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        ADDRESS            = {Essex},
        PUBLISHER          = {Longman Group},
        TITLE              = {Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English},
        YEAR               = {1978}
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        YEAR               = {1996}
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        YEAR               = {1996}
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        YEAR               = {Tokyo, 1997}
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@BOOK{Len90,
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        YEAR               = {1990}
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@ARTICLE{Len95,
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        VOLUME             = {38},
        YEAR               = {1995}
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        VOLUME             = {38},
        YEAR               = {1995}
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@ARTICLE{Lenat86,
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        JOURNAL            = {AI Magazine},
        NUMBER             = {7},
        PAGES              = {65--85},
        TITLE              = {CYC: Using Common Sense Knowledge to Overcome Brittleness and Knowledge Acquisition Bottlenecks},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1986}
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        PAGES              = {1173--1182},
        TITLE              = {On The Thresholds of Knowledge},
        YEAR               = {1987}
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        TITLE              = {Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: how to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone},
        YEAR               = {1986}
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        PAGES              = {24-26},
        TITLE              = {Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: how to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone},
        YEAR               = {1986}
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        YEAR               = {1988}
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        TITLE              = {The Automated Inference of Tree Systems},
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        YEAR               = {1979}
}

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        PAGES              = {81-108},
        TITLE              = {Making Believers out of Computers},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {krep}
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        PAGES              = {1035--1074},
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        YEAR               = {1983}
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@ARTICLE{levinson-bell83b,
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        VOLUME             = {62},
        YEAR               = {1983}
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        PAGES              = {373--376},
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        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1994}
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        YEAR               = {1998}
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        PAGES              = {557--560},
        TITLE              = {The {LIMSI} continuous speech dictation system: {Evaluation} on the {ARPA Wall Street Journal} Task},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1994}
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@BOOK{Lon78,
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@BOOK{Lon93,
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@BOOK{Lov78,
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        PAGES              = {794--801},
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        YEAR               = {1998}
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        YEAR               = {1986}
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@INCOLLECTION{Mac91,
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        TITLE              = {The Evolving Technology of Classification-based Knowledge Representation Systems},
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@UNPUBLISHED{Macleod94,
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        YEAR               = {1994}
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@BOOK{Mac99,
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@PHDTHESIS{Mag94,
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        YEAR               = {1994}
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Mah97,
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        VOLUME             = {73},
        YEAR               = {1985}
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@BOOK{Man74,
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        YEAR               = {1974},
        KEYWORDS           = {comp},
        ABSTRACT = "         Textbook approach to standard topics in           computation. Chapters         on (1) Computability (2) Predicate Calculus (3)           Verification         of Programs (4) Flowchart Schemas (5) Fixpoint   Theory    of      Programs"
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@BOOK{Man77,
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        YEAR               = {1988}
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        PUBLISHER          = {MIT press},
        TITLE              = {{Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
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@TECHREPORT{MannMatthiessen83,
        AUTHOR             = {Mann, William C. and Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M.},
        INSTITUTION        = {Information Sciences Institute},
        KEY                = {Mann and Matthiessen},
        MONTH              = {February},
        NOTE               = {4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA},
        NUMBER             = {ISI/RR-83-105},
        TITLE              = {{N}IGEL: A Systemic Grammar for Text Generation},
        YEAR               = {1983},
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@ARTICLE{Mar82,
        AUTHOR             = {Martelli, A. and Montanari, U.},
        JOURNAL            = {ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        TITLE              = {{An Efficient Unification Algorithm}},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {April, 1982},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
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@ARTICLE{Mar93,
        AUTHOR             = {M.P. Marcus and B. Santorini and M.A. Marcinkiewicz},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {313-330},
        TITLE              = {{Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank}},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        KEYWORDS           = {nlp}
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@MISC{Mar95,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Marcus and G. Kim and M.A. Marcinkiewicz and R. MacIntyre and A. Bies and M. Ferguson and K.Katz and B. Schasberger},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Distributed on The Penn Treebank Release 2 CD-ROM by the Linguisitc Data Consortium},
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        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {nlp}
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@BOOK{markel-gray,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~D.~Markel and A.~H.~{Gray, Jr.}},
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        TITLE              = {Linear prediction of speech},
        YEAR               = {1976}
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@ARTICLE{markel-grey76,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~H.~{Gray, Jr.} and J.~D.~Markel},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {380--391},
        TITLE              = {Distance measures for speech processing},
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        YEAR               = {1976}
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        AUTHOR             = {J.~Markowitz and T.~Ahlswede and M.~Evens},
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        PAGES              = {112--119},
        TITLE              = {Semantically Significant Patterns in Dictionary Definitions},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mas98,
        AUTHOR             = {O. Mason},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Linguistic Resources},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-\~{}hamish/dalr/}}},
        PAGES              = {20--27},
        TITLE              = {{The CUE Corpus Access Tool}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Mat99,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Keijola},
        NOTE               = {{\small{\tt http://www.tuta.hut.fi/\-briefs}}},
        TITLE              = {{BRIEFS -- Gaining Information of Value in Dynamical Business Environments}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{May01,
        AUTHOR             = {Diana Maynard and Valentin Tablan and Cristian Ursu and Hamish Cunningham and Yorick Wilks},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        TITLE              = {{Named Entity Recognition from Diverse Text Types}},
        NOTE               = {{\small Submitted to Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2001 Conference, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria.}},
        YEAR               = {2001}
}

@TECHREPORT{May00a,
        AUTHOR             = {D. Maynard and H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and  R. Catizone and George Demetriou and Robert Gaizauskas and Oana Hamza and Mark Hepple and Patrick Herring and Brian Mitchell and Michael Oakes and Wim Peters and Andrea Setzer and Mark Stevenson and Valentin Tablan and Christian Ursu and Yorick Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {University of Sheffield},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science},
        NUMBER             = {CS--00--06},
        TITLE              = {{A Survey of Uses of GATE}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}



@BOOK{McC86,
        AUTHOR             = {J.L. McClelland and D.E. Rumelhart},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Parallel Distributed Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INCOLLECTION{McC90,
        AUTHOR             = {N. McCulloch and W.A. Ainsworth and R. Linggard},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Speech and Language Processing},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chapman and Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Multi-Layer Perceptrons Applied to Speech Technology}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{McD80,
        AUTHOR             = {McDermott, D. and Doyle, J.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Non-Monotonic Logic I},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McDonald83,
        AUTHOR             = {McDonald, D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Computational Models of Discourse},
        EDITOR             = {Brady, M. and Berwick, R.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{N}atural {L}anguage {G}eneration as a {C}omputational {P}roblem: an {I}ntroduction},
        YEAR               = {1983},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@INCOLLECTION{McDonald90,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~E.~McDonald and A.~T.~Plate and R.~W.~Schvaneveldt},
        ADDRESS            = {Norwood, NJ},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization},
        EDITOR             = {R.~W.~Schvaneveldt},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ablex},
        TITLE              = {Using Pathfinder to extract semantic information from text},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{McDonald93,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~D.~McDonald},
        ADDRESS            = {Ohio, U.S.A.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of SIGLEX workshop on Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text},
        MONTH              = {June},
        PAGES              = {32--43},
        TITLE              = {Internal and External Evidence in the Identification and Semantic Categorisation of Proper Names},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McE97,
        AUTHOR             = {A.M. McEnery},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {13th ASLIB Machine Translation Conference},
        PAGES              = {75-86},
        TITLE              = {{Multilingual Corpora -- Current Practice and Future Trends}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{McE99,
        ADDRESS            = {Amsterdam},
        EDITOR             = {A.M. McEnery and S.P. Botley and A. Wilson},
        PUBLISHER          = {Rodopi},
        TITLE              = {{Multilingual Corpora: Teaching and Research}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{McE00,
        AUTHOR             = {A.M. McEnery and P. Baker and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham},
        JOURNAL            = {Vivek, A Quarterly in Artificial Intelligence},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {23-32},
        TITLE              = {{EMILLE: Building a Corpus of South Asian Languages}},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mcinnes89,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~R.~McInnes and Y.~Ariki and A.~A.~Wrench},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {461--464},
        TITLE              = {Enhancement and optimisation of a speech recognition front end based on hidden {Markov} models},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McK96,
        AUTHOR             = {D.P. McKay and J. Pastor and R. McEntire},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on AI Planning Systems},
        TITLE              = {{An Architecture for Information Agents}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McK97a,
        AUTHOR             = {D. McKelvie and C. Brew and H. Thompson},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, DC},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)},
        TITLE              = {{Using SGML as a Basis for Data-Intensive NLP}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{McK98,
        AUTHOR             = {D. McKelvie and C. Brew and H.S. Thompson},
        JOURNAL            = {Computers and the Humanities},
        NUMBER             = {5},
        PAGES              = {367--388},
        TITLE              = {{Using SGML as a Basis for Data-Intensive Natural Language Processing}},
        VOLUME             = {31},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{McK98b,
        AUTHOR             = {D. McKelvie and A. Mikheev},
        NOTE               = {LT Index documentation, from {\small {\tt http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/}}},
        TITLE              = {{Indexing SGML files using LT NSL}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@BOOK{McKeown85,
        AUTHOR             = {McKeown, Kathleen R},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Studies in Natural Language Processing},
        KEY                = {McKeown},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {Text Generation: Using Discourse Strategies and Focus Constraints to Generate Natural Language Text},
        YEAR               = {1985},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef, review (text/mckeown85.*)}
}

@ARTICLE{McR92,
        AUTHOR             = {McRoy, S. W.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Using Multiple Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Disambiguation},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{McRoy92,
        AUTHOR             = {McRoy, S.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {1-30},
        TITLE              = {Using Multiple Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Disambiguation},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{McW95,
        AUTHOR             = {McWhirter, J.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {CHI '95: Proceedings 1995 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
        PUBLISHER          = {ACM},
        TITLE              = {{VGrep: A Graphical Tool for the Exploration of Textual Documents}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@BOOK{Mel89,
        AUTHOR             = {Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Natural Language Processing in Prolog},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@MISC{Mel94,
        AUTHOR             = {Mellish, C. and Whitelock, P. and Ritchie, G.},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Unpublished lecture notes used in Department of Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Techniques in Natural Language Processing 1: Module Workbook},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mel99,
        AUTHOR             = {Mellish, C. and Scott, D.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {Workshop Preface},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@BOOK{Men79,
        AUTHOR             = {Mendelson, E.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Van Nostrand},
        TITLE              = {Introduction to Mathematical Logic},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mer93,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Merlo},
        BOOKTITLE          = {the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {1216-1221},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {For an Incremental Computation of Intrasentential Coreference},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mer96,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Merchant and M.E. Okurowski and N. Chinchor},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Advances in Text Processing -- TIPSTER Programme Phase II},
        ORGANIZATION       = {DARPA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{The Multi Lingual Entity Task (MET) Overview}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Met53,
        AUTHOR             = {Metropolis, N. and Rosenbluth A. and Rosenbluth, M. and Teller, A. and Teller, E.},
        JOURNAL            = {J. Chem. Phys},
        PAGES              = {1087},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1953}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Mic83,
        AUTHOR             = {Michalski, R.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach},
        EDITOR             = {Carbonell, J.G. and Michalski, R.S. and Mitchell, T.M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Tioga Pub. Co.},
        TITLE              = {A Theory and Methodolgy of Inductive Learning},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Michiels80,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Michiels and J.~Mullenders and J.~Noel},
        ADDRESS            = {Tokyo, Japan},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-80)},
        PAGES              = {374--382},
        TITLE              = {{Exploiting a Large Data Base by Longman}},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{MichielsNoel82,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Michiels and J.~Noel},
        ADDRESS            = {Prague, Czechoslovakia},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-82)},
        PAGES              = {227--232},
        TITLE              = {{Approaches to Thesaurus Production}},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mik97a,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Mikheev and S. Finch},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Fifth Conference on Applied NLP (ANLP-97)},
        TITLE              = {{A Workbench for Finding Structure in Text}},
        YEAR               = {Washington, DC, 1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Mil90,
        AUTHOR             = {Miller (Ed.), G. A.},
        JOURNAL            = {International Journal of Lexicography},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {235-312},
        TITLE              = {Word{N}et: An on-line Lexical Database},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Mil90b,
        AUTHOR             = {Miller, G. A. and Beckwith, R. and Felbaum, C. and Gross, D. and Miller, C.Miller, G. A. and Beckwith, R. and Felbaum, C. and Gross, D. and Miller, C.Minsky, M.},
        JOURNAL            = {Cognitive Science 4},
        PAGES              = {117-133},
        TITLE              = {Five Papers on {W}ord{N}etK-Lines: A Theory of Memory},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@MISC{Mil93,
        AUTHOR             = {Miller G.A. and R.~Beckwith and C.~Fellbaum and D.~Gross and K.~Miller.},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {Distributed with the {WordNet} Software.},
        TITLE              = {Introduction to {WordNet}: On-line},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mil95,
        AUTHOR             = {Miller, E. and Kado, M. and Hirakwa, M. and Ichikawa, T.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings VL'95 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt},
        PUBLISHER          = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
        TITLE              = {{HI-VISUAL as a User-Customizable Visual Programming Environment}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@ARTICLE{Mil95b,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Miller},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        MONTH              = nov,
        NUMBER             = {Number 11},
        TITLE              = {{WordNet: a Lexical Database for English}},
        VOLUME             = {Volume 38},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mil98,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Miller and M. Crystal and H. Fox and L. Ramshaw and R. Schwartz and R. Stone and R. Weischedel},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)},
        PUBLISHER          = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the BBN System Used for MUC-7}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Min85,
        AUTHOR             = {Minsky, M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Los Altos CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Readings in Knowledge Representation},
        EDITOR             = {Brachman, R.J. and Levesque, H.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {A Framework for Representing Knowledge},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mit95,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Mitkov},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of NLPRS}},
        TITLE              = {{Language Engineering on the Highway: New Perspectives for the Multilingual Society}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mit96,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Mitkov},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematical Linguistics (ICML '96)}},
        TITLE              = {{Language Engineering: towards a clearer picture}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Mit97,
        AUTHOR             = {T.M. Mitchell},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {McGraw-Hill},
        TITLE              = {{Machine Learning}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@MASTERSTHESIS{Mitchell97,
        AUTHOR             = {Mitchell, B.},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-campus/dcscd/projects/bm.pdf}}},
        SCHOOL             = {Dept. of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        TITLE              = {{Named Entity Recognition in German: the identification and classification of certain proper names}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Mon74,
        AUTHOR             = {Montague, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {New Haven, Conn.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Formal Philosophy: Selected Papers of Richard Montague},
        EDITOR             = {Thomason, R.H.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Yale University Press},
        TITLE              = {The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English},
        YEAR               = {1974}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Moo85a,
        AUTHOR             = {Moore, R.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Norwood, N.J.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Formal Theories of the Common Sense World},
        EDITOR             = {Hobbs, J.R. and Moore, R.C.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ablex Pub. Corp.},
        TITLE              = {A Formal Theory of Knowledge and Action},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Moo85b,
        AUTHOR             = {Moore, R.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Los Altos, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Readings in Knowledge Representation},
        EDITOR             = {Brachman, R.J. and Levesque, H.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {The Role of Logic in Knowledge Representation and Commonsense Reasoning},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Moo91,
        AUTHOR             = {Moore, R. and Dowding, J.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        PAGES              = {200-203},
        TITLE              = {Efficient Bottom-up Parsing},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        KEYWORDS           = {pars}
}

@BOOK{Moore95,
        AUTHOR             = {Moore, Johanna D.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{P}articipating in {E}xplanatory {D}ialogues},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{MooreParis93,
        AUTHOR             = {Johanna D. Moore and C\'ecile L. Paris},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = {December},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {651 -- 694},
        TITLE              = {Planning texts for advisory dialogs: capturing intentional and rhetorical information},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef (RST-1)}
}

@INCOLLECTION{MooreSwartout90-catalina,
        AUTHOR             = {Moore, Johanna D. and Swartout, William R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural language generation in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {C\'ecile L. Paris and William R. Swartout and William C. Mann},
        KEY                = {Moore and Swartout},
        MONTH              = {July},
        NOTE               = {Presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation. Santa Catalina Island, CA, July, 1988.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
        TITLE              = {A Reactive Approach to Explanation: Taking the User's Feedback into Account},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Sheff}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Mor95,
        AUTHOR             = {Morgan, R. and Garigliano, R. and Callaghan, P. and Poria, S. and Smith, M. and Urbanowicz, A. and Collingham, R. and Costantino, M. and Cooper, C.},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PAGES              = {71-86},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the LOLITA System as used for MUC-6}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@TECHREPORT{Mor96,
        AUTHOR             = {R.G. Morgan},
        INSTITUTION        = {dept. Computer Science, University of Durham},
        NUMBER             = {8/96},
        TITLE              = {{An architecture for user defined information extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}


@InProceedings{Mug94,
  author = 	 {S. Muggleton},
  title = 	 {Recent advances in inductive logic programming},
  booktitle = 	 {Proc. 7th Annual ACM Workshop on Computer Learning Theory},
  pages =	 {3-11},
  year =	 1994,
  address =	 {new York},
  publisher =	 {ACM Press}
}

@InProceedings{Mug97,
  author = 	 {Stephen Muggleton and James Cussens and David Page and Ashwin Srinivasan},
  title = 	 {Using inductive logic programming for natural language processing},
  booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of in ECML},
  pages =	 {25-34},
  year =	 1997,
  series =	 {Workshop Notes on Empirical Learning of Natural Language},
  publisher =	 {Springer-Verlag}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{murveit-icassp93,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Murveit and J.~Butzberger and V.~Digalakis and M.~Weintraub},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {319--322},
        TITLE              = {Large-vocabulary dictation using {SRI}'s {{\sc Decipher}} speech recognition system: Progressive search techniques},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{nadas-empbayes84,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~N\'{a}das},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {859--861},
        TITLE              = {Estimation of probabilities in the language model of the {IBM} speech recognition system},
        VOLUME             = {32},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{nadas-turing85,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~N\'{a}das},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1414--1416},
        TITLE              = {On {Turing's} formula for word probabilities},
        VOLUME             = {33},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@ARTICLE{NcrExtractor,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Turney},
        JOURNAL            = {{\small {\tt http://ai.iit.nrc.ca/\-II\_public/extractor/\-reports/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {Extraction of Keyphrases from Text: Evaluation of Four Algorithms},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Neb90,
        AUTHOR             = {Nebel, B.},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Reasoning and Revision in Hybrid Representation Systems},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Nel97,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Nelson},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{XML: Principles, Tools and Techniques}},
        EDITOR             = {D. Connolly},
        PAGES              = {129--134},
        PUBLISHER          = {O'Reilly},
        TITLE              = {{Embedded Markup Considered Harmful}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Net97,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Netter and F. Pianesi},
        ADDRESS            = {Madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering},
        PAGES              = {iii-v},
        TITLE              = {{Preface}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{New90,
        AUTHOR             = {Newell, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Harvard University Press},
        TITLE              = {Unified Theories of Cognition},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{New98,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Newell and S. Langer and M. Hickey},
        JOURNAL            = {{Journal of Natural Language Engineering}},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {1--17},
        TITLE              = {{The role of natural language processing in alternative and augmentative communication}},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{ney-assp84,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Ney},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {263--271},
        TITLE              = {The use of a one-stage dynamic programming algorithm for connected word recognition},
        VOLUME             = {32},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@ARTICLE{ney-sp92,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Ney and D.~Mergel and A.~Noll and A.~Paesler},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Speech Processing}},
        PAGES              = {272--281},
        TITLE              = {Data-driven Search Organisation for Continuous Speech Recognition},
        VOLUME             = {40},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INCOLLECTION{ney-yellowbook96,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Ney and X.~Aubert},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Automatic speech and speaker recognition: Advanced topics},
        CHAPTER            = {16},
        EDITOR             = {C-H Lee and F.~K.~Soong and K.~K.~Paliwal},
        PAGES              = {385--412},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {Dynamic programming search: from digit strings to large vocabulary word graphs},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Ney94,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Ney and U.~Essen and R.~Kneser},
        JOURNAL            = {Computer Speech and Language},
        PAGES              = {1--38},
        TITLE              = {On structuring probabilistic dependences in stochastic language modelling},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ng96,
        AUTHOR             = {Ng, H. T. and Lee, H. B.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of ACL96},
        TITLE              = {Integrating Multiple Knowldge Sources to Disambiguate Word Sense: An Exemplar-Based Approach},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Nicolas95,
        AUTHOR             = {Nikolov, N. and Mellish, C. and Ritchie, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Santa Cruz, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of 3rd Int. Conf. on Conceptual Structures (ICCS'95)},
        NUMBER             = {954},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        SERIES             = {LNAI},
        TITLE              = {{S}entence {G}eneration from {C}onceptual {G}raphs},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{niesler-icassp96,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Niesler and P.~Woodland},
        ADDRESS            = {Atlanta GA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {164--167},
        TITLE              = {A variable-length category-based n-gram language model},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Nil71,
        AUTHOR             = {Nilsson, N.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {McGraw-Hill},
        TITLE              = {Problem-solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1971}
}

@BOOK{Nil80,
        AUTHOR             = {Nilsson, N.J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto, CA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Tioga Publishing Company},
        TITLE              = {Principles of Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{niles-euro91,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~T.~Niles},
        ADDRESS            = {Genova, Italy},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {559--562},
        TITLE              = {{T}imit Phoneme Recognition using an {HMM}-Derived Recurrent Neural Network},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{niles-hmm,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~T.~Niles and H.~F.~Silverman},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {417--420},
        TITLE              = {Combining hidden {Markov} models and neural network classifiers},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{niles-train,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~T.~Niles and H.~F.~Silverman and M.~A.~Bush},
        ADDRESS            = {Albuquerque},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {493--496},
        TITLE              = {Neural networks, maximum mutual information training and maximum likelihood training},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{nilsson71,
        AUTHOR             = {N.~J.~Nilsson},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {McGraw-Hill},
        TITLE              = {Problem Solving Methods of Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1971}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Nir94,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Nirenburg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference on the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing systems (FGNLP-2)},
        TITLE              = {The Workstation Substrate of the Pangloss Project},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Nor91,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Norcliffe and G. Slater},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {Mathematics of Software Construction},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        ISSN_ISBN          = {0-13-563388-5}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{noway-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and M.~Hochberg},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {596--599},
        TITLE              = {Efficient search using posterior phone probability estimates},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{odell-hlt94,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~J.~Odell and P.~C.~Woodland and S.~J.~Young},
        ADDRESS            = {Princeton NJ},
        BOOKTITLE          = hlt,
        MONTH              = {March},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ARPA},
        TITLE              = {A one pass decoder design for large vocabulary recognition},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@PHDTHESIS{odell-thesis,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~J.~Odell},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Cambridge},
        TITLE              = {The Use of Context in Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{ODIE,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Huffman},
        JOURNAL            = {Workshop on new approaches to learning for natural language processing (IJCAI-95)},
        PAGES              = {127-142},
        TITLE              = {Learning Information Extraction Patterns from Examples},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ogd99,
        AUTHOR             = {B. Ogden},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://crl.nmsu.edu/\-Research/Projects/\-tipster/annotation}}},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER annotation and the Corpus Encoding Standard}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ols97,
        AUTHOR             = {M.R. Olson and B.S. Lee},
        BOOKTITLE          = {IEEE International Conference on Systems Sciences},
        TITLE              = {{Object Databases for SGML Document Management}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@MASTERSTHESIS{Olsson97,
        AUTHOR             = {Olsson, F.},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://http://stp.ling.uu.se/~fredriko/\-exjobb.ps}}},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Uppsala},
        TITLE              = {Tagging and Morphological Processing in the SVENSK System},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{OMG92,
        AUTHOR             = {{The Object Management Group}},
        KEY                = {OMG},
        PUBLISHER          = {John Wiley, New York},
        TITLE              = {{The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ony93,
        AUTHOR             = {Onyshkevych, B. and Okurowski, M.H. and Carlson, L.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Tipster Text Program (Phase I)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Tasks, Domains, and Languages for Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Ony96,
        AUTHOR             = {Onyshkevych, B. and Boyan and S. Nirenburg},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Tipster Text Program (Phase I)},
        JOURNAL            = {Machine Translation 10:1-2 (Special Issue on building lexicons for MT)},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Microkosmos}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{OnyshkevychNirenburg94,
        AUTHOR             = {B.~Onyshkevych and N.~Nirenburg},
        INSTITUTION        = {CRL/NMSU},
        NUMBER             = {MCCS-94-277},
        TITLE              = {The lexicon in the sceme of KBMT things},
        TYPE               = {Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{OSh87,
        AUTHOR             = {D. O'Shaugnessy},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Speech Communication, Human and Machine}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ostendorf-intonation,
        AUTHOR             = {C.~W.~Wightman and M.~Ostendorf},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {221--234},
        TITLE              = {Automatic recognition of intonational features},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INBOOK{Oup80,
        EDITOR             = {A.S. Hornby},
        PUBLISHER          = {Oxford University Press},
        TITLE              = {Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@BOOK{Ous94,
        AUTHOR             = {J.K. Ousterhout},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Tcl and the Tk Toolkit},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Pag98,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Paggio},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        PAGES              = {211--228},
        TITLE              = {{Validating the TEMAA LE evalutation methodology: a case study on Danish spelling checkers}},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@TECHREPORT{Pai98,
        AUTHOR             = {D.S. Paiva},
        ADDRESS            = {Brighton},
        INSTITUTION        = {Information Technology Research Institute},
        NUMBER             = {ITRI-98-03},
        TITLE              = {{A Survey of Applied Natural Language Generation Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{PALKA,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Kim and D. Moldovan},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactiops on Knowledge and Data Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {5},
        PAGES              = {713-724},
        TITLE              = {Acquisition of Linguistic Patterns for Knowledge-Based Information Extraction},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{pallett-hlt94,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~S.~Pallett and J.~G.~Fiscus and W.~M.~Fisher and J.~S. Garofolo and B.~Lund and M.~Pryzbocki},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ARPA},
        PAGES              = {15--40},
        TITLE              = {1993 Benchmark Tests for the {ARPA Spoken Language Program}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@MASTERSTHESIS{Pan96,
        AUTHOR             = {Poulos, P.},
        SCHOOL             = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
        TITLE              = {Deriving {XI} Models from {WordNet}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Paris90-catalina,
        AUTHOR             = {Paris, C\'{e}cile L.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural language generation in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {C\'ecile L. Paris and William R. Swartout and William C. Mann},
        KEY                = {Paris},
        MONTH              = {July},
        NOTE               = {Presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation. Santa Catalina Island, CA, July, 1988.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
        TITLE              = {Generation and Explanation: Building an explanation facility for the Explainable Expert Systems framework},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@ARTICLE{Pat78,
        AUTHOR             = {Paterson, M.S. and Wegman, M.N.},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Computer System Science},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {158-167},
        TITLE              = {Linear Unification},
        VOLUME             = {16},
        YEAR               = {1978},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@ARTICLE{Pat85,
        AUTHOR             = {Patel-Schneider, P.F.},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence},
        PAGES              = {455-458},
        TITLE              = {A Decidable First-Order Logic for Knowledge Representation},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Pau91,
        AUTHOR             = {L.C. Paulson},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {ML for the Working Programmer},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{paul-icassp91,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~B.~Paul and J.~K.~Baker and J.~M.~Baker},
        ADDRESS            = {Toronto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {569--572},
        TITLE              = {On the interaction between true source, training and testing language models},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{paul-icassp92,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~B.~Paul},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {25--28},
        TITLE              = {An efficient {A*} Stack Decoder Algorithm for Continuous Speech Recognition with a Stochastic Language Model},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{paul-icslp92,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~B.~Paul and J.~M.~Baker},
        ADDRESS            = {Banff},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {899--902},
        TITLE              = {The design for the {Wall Street Journal-based CSR} corpus},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PEBA,
        AUTHOR             = {Milosavljevic, Maria and Tulloch, Adrian and Dale, Robert},
        ADDRESS            = {Melbourne},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of 19th Australian Computer Science Conference},
        TITLE              = {{T}ext {G}eneration in a {D}ynamic {H}ypertext {E}nvironment},
        YEAR               = {1996},
        LOCATION           = {read, HC - Web, Shef?}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ped97,
        AUTHOR             = {Pedersen, T. and Bruce, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Providence, RI},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
        MONTH              = {August},
        TITLE              = {Distinguishing Word Senses in Untagged Text},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Pen90,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Penrose},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Vintage},
        TITLE              = {The Emperor's New Mind},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{PenmanOverview,
        AUTHOR             = {Mann, William C.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        KEY                = {Mann},
        MONTH              = {August},
        NOTE               = {Also appears as USC/Information Sciences Institute, RR-83-114.},
        ORGANIZATION       = {AAAI},
        PAGES              = {261-265},
        TITLE              = {An overview of the {\sc penman} text generation system},
        YEAR               = {1983},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef (yorick); review (penman/overview.txt)}
}

@ARTICLE{Per84,
        AUTHOR             = {Pereira, F.C.N and Shieber, S.M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford, CA},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
        PUBLISHER          = {Stanford University},
        TITLE              = {The Semantics of Grammar Formalisms Seen as Computer Languages},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Per87,
        AUTHOR             = {Pereira, F.C.N and Shieber, S.M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford, CA},
        NUMBER             = {10},
        PUBLISHER          = {Stanford University},
        SERIES             = {CLSI Lecture Notes},
        TITLE              = {Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pet98a,
        AUTHOR             = {W. Peters and H. Cunningham and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation},
        TITLE              = {{Uniform Language Resource Access and Distribution}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Petassis99,
        AUTHOR             = {Petasis, G. and Paliouras, G. and Karkaletsis, V. and Spyropoulos, C.D. and Androutsopoulos, I.},
        ADDRESS            = {Chania, Greece},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proc. of the ECCAI Advanced Course on Artificial Intelligence (ACAI)},
        TITLE              = {Resolving Part-of-Speech Ambiguity in the Greek Language Using Learning Techniques},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{philips-icassp94,
        AUTHOR             = {X.~Aubert and C.~Dugast and H.~Ney and V.~Steinbiss},
        ADDRESS            = {Adelaide},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {129--132},
        TITLE              = {Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition of {Wall Street Journal} data},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Pie97,
        AUTHOR             = {Pietrosanti, E. and Graziadio, B.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Processing: Extracting Information for Business Needs},
        MONTH              = mar,
        ORGANIZATION       = {Unicom Seminars Ltd.},
        PAGES              = {277-291},
        TITLE              = {{Artificial Intelligence and Legal Text Management: Tools and Techniques for Intelligent Document Processing and Retrieval}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{plp,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Hermansky},
        JOURNAL            = {{Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}},
        PAGES              = {1738--1752},
        TITLE              = {Perceptual linear predictive ({PLP}) analysis of speech},
        VOLUME             = {87},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Poi99,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Poirier},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-\~{}hamish/dalr/\-baslow/xelda.pdf}}},
        TITLE              = {{The XeLDA Framework (presentation at Baslow workshop on Distributing and Accessing Linguistic Resources, Sheffield, 1999)}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{POPEL,
        AUTHOR             = {Reithinger, N.},
        ADDRESS            = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {Paris, C. and Swartout, W. and Mann, W.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer},
        TITLE              = {{POPEL}---a {P}arallel and {I}ncremental {N}atural {L}anguage {G}eneration {S}ystem},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{poritz82,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~B.~Poritz},
        ADDRESS            = {Paris},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1291--1294},
        TITLE              = {Linear predictive hidden {Markov} models and the speech signal},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{poritz88,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~B.~Poritz},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {7--13},
        TITLE              = {Hidden {Markov} models: a guided tour},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@BOOK{Pre94a,
        AUTHOR             = {R.S. Pressman},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {McGraw Hill},
        TITLE              = {{Software Engineering, a Practitioner's Approach (European Edition)}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Pre95,
        AUTHOR             = {W. Press and S. Teukolsky and W. Vetterling and B. Flannery},
        ADDRESS            = {U.K.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Numerical Recipes in C -- the Art of Scientific Computing}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@ARTICLE{Pri87,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Prieto-Diaz and P. Freeman},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Software, Vol. 4 No. 1},
        TITLE              = {{Status Report: Software Reusability}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@ARTICLE{Pri93,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Prieto-Diaz and P. Freeman},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Software, Vol. 10, No. 3},
        TITLE              = {{Status Report: Software Reusability}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{ptb,
        AUTHOR             = {Marcus, M. and Santorini, B. and Marcinkiewicz, M. A.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {313-330},
        TITLE              = {Building a Large Annotated Corpus of {E}nglish: {T}he {P}enn {T}ree {B}ank},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Qui93,
        AUTHOR             = {J. R. Quinlan},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{C4.5 Programs for Machine Learning}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{rabiner-digit,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Rabiner and J.~G.~Wilpon and F.~K.~Soong},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1214--1225},
        TITLE              = {High performance connected digit recognition using hidden {Markov} models},
        VOLUME             = {37},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{rabiner-pieee89,
        AUTHOR             = {L.~R.~Rabiner},
        JOURNAL            = {{Proceedings of the IEEE}},
        PAGES              = {257--286},
        TITLE              = {A Tutorial on Hidden {M}arkov Models and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition},
        VOLUME             = {77},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@TECHREPORT{Ram00,
        AUTHOR             = {Ramsay, A.},
        INSTITUTION        = {UMIST Department of Language Engineering},
        TITLE              = {{Research in the Department of Language Engineering}},
        TYPE               = {{\small{\tt http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/research/booklet.html}}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@TECHREPORT{Ram86,
        AUTHOR             = {Ramsay, A.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sussex},
        TITLE              = {Knowing That and Knowing What},
        TYPE               = {Unpublished Paper, Cognitive Studies Programme},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@BOOK{Ram88,
        AUTHOR             = {Ramsay, A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {Formal Methods in Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rao92,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Rao and S.K. Card, H.D. Jellinek and J.D. Mackinlay and G.G. Robertson},
        ADDRESS            = {Monterey, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the fifth annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '92)},
        PAGES              = {23--32},
        TITLE              = {{The Information Grid: a Framework for Information Retrieval and Retrieval-Centered Applications}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{RAPIER,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Califf and R. Mooney},
        JOURNAL            = {Working Papers of the ACL-97 Workshop in Natural Language Learning},
        PAGES              = {9-15},
        TITLE              = {Relational Learning of Pattern-Match Rules for Information Extraction},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{rasta,
        AUTHOR             = {H.~Hermansky and N.~Morgan and A.~Bayya and P.~Kohn},
        ADDRESS            = {Berkeley CA},
        INSTITUTION        = {International Computer Science Institute},
        NUMBER             = {TR-91-069},
        TITLE              = {{RASTA-PLP} Speech Analysis},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Rastier94,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Rastier and M.~Cavazza and A.~Abeille},
        ADDRESS            = {Paris},
        NOTE               = {English translation to appear},
        PUBLISHER          = {Masson},
        TITLE              = {Semantique pour l'analyse: de la linguistique a l'informatique},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Ray96,
        AUTHOR             = {Rayner, M. and Carter, D. and Bouillon, P.},
        JOURNAL            = {NLP+IA},
        TITLE              = {Adapting the Core Language Engine to French and Spanish},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{rayner-eurospeech95,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Rayner and P.~Wyard},
        ADDRESS            = {madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1793--1796},
        TITLE              = {Robust parsing of N-best speech hypothesis lists using a general grammar based language model},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Rei00,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Reiter and R. Dale},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge University Press},
        TITLE              = {{Building Natural Language Generation Systems}},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@ARTICLE{Rei80,
        AUTHOR             = {Reiter, R.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {A Logic For Default Reasoning},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Rei84,
        AUTHOR             = {Reiter, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {On Conceptual Modelling: Perspectives from Artificial Intelligence, Databases, and Programming Languages},
        EDITOR             = {Brodie, M.L. and Mylopoulos, J. and Schmidt, J.W.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Towards a Logical Reconstruction of Relational Database Theory},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Rei85a,
        AUTHOR             = {Reichman, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, Mass.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Getting Computers to Talk Like You and Me},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@BOOK{Rei85b,
        AUTHOR             = {Reinhart, T.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Croom Helm},
        TITLE              = {Anaphora and Semantic Interpretation},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rei94,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Reiter},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation (INLGW-1994)},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/CS.cl/9411032}}},
        TITLE              = {{Has a Consensus NL Generation Architecture Appeared, and is it Psycholinguistically Plausible?}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rei99,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Reiter},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {{Are Reference Architectures Standardisation Tools or Descriptive Aids?}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Rei99b,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Reiter and R. Dale},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        TITLE              = {{Building Natural Language Generation Systems}},
        VOLUME             = {Vol. 3 Part 1},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Reiter94,
        AUTHOR             = {Reiter, Ehud},
        ADDRESS            = {Kennebunkport, Maine, USA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of 7th Int. Workshop on NL Generation (INLG-94)},
        PAGES              = {163-170},
        TITLE              = {{H}as a {C}onsensus {NL} {G}eneration {A}rchitecture {A}ppeared, and is it {P}sycholinguistically {P}lausible?},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef, disk}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ren99a,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Renals and Y. Gotoh and R. Gaizauskas and M. Stevenson},
        ADDRESS            = {Herndon, VA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the DARPA Broadcast News Workshop},
        TITLE              = {{Baseline IE-NE Experiments Using The SPRACH/LASIE System}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-eurospeech89,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and J.~Dalby},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {333--336},
        TITLE              = {Analysis of a neural network model for speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-eurospeech93,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and D.~MacKay},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1719--1722},
        TITLE              = {Bayesian regularisation methods in a hybrid {MLP--HMM} system},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-icassp88,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Terry and S.~Renals and R.~Rohwer and J.~Harrington},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {699--702},
        TITLE              = {A connectionist approach to speech recognition using peripheral auditory modelling},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-icassp89,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and R.~Rohwer},
        ADDRESS            = {Glasgow},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {413--416},
        TITLE              = {Learning phoneme recognition using neural networks},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-icassp91,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and D.~McKelvie and F.~McInnes},
        ADDRESS            = {Toronto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {369--372},
        TITLE              = {A comparative study of continuous speech recognition using neural networks and hidden {Markov} models},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-icslp94,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and M.~Hochberg},
        ADDRESS            = {Yokohama, Japan},
        BOOKTITLE          = icslp,
        PAGES              = {1491--1494},
        TITLE              = {Using gamma filters to model temporal dependencies in speech},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@MASTERSTHESIS{renals-msc,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Edinburgh},
        TITLE              = {A Connectionist Approach to Speech Recognition},
        TYPE               = {{MSc} thesis},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INCOLLECTION{renals-nips4,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and N.~Morgan and H.~Bourlard and H.~Franco and M.~Cohen},
        ADDRESS            = {{San Mateo CA}},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {J.~E.~Moody and S.~J.~Hanson and R.~P.~Lippmann},
        PAGES              = {167--174},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {Connectionist optimisation of tied mixture hidden {Markov} models},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{renals-nnsp91,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and N.~Morgan and H.~Bourlard},
        ADDRESS            = {Princeton NJ},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {309--318},
        TITLE              = {Probability estimation by feed-forward networks in continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@PHDTHESIS{renals-phd,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals},
        SCHOOL             = {University of Edinburgh},
        TITLE              = {Speech and Neural Network Dynamics},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{renals-sap94,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and N.~Morgan and H.~Bourlard and M.~Cohen and H.~Franco},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {161--175},
        TITLE              = {Connectionist probability estimators in {HMM} speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{renals-spl96,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Signal Processing Letters}},
        PAGES              = {4--6},
        TITLE              = {Phone deactivation pruning in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {3},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{renals-tr92,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and N.~Morgan},
        ADDRESS            = {Berkeley CA, USA},
        INSTITUTION        = {International Computer Science Institute},
        NUMBER             = {TR-92-081},
        TITLE              = {Connectionist probability estimation in {HMM} speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Res93,
        AUTHOR             = {P. Resnik},
        SCHOOL             = {Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania},
        TITLE              = {{Selection and Information: A Class-Based Approach to Lexical Relationships}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@ARTICLE{Rich83,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Rick},
        JOURNAL            = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
        PAGES              = {199--214},
        TITLE              = {Users are individuals: individualising user models},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{richardson-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~Richardson and M.~Ostendorf and J.~R.~Rohlicek},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {576--579},
        TITLE              = {Lattice-based search strategies for large vocabulary speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ril93a,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Riloff},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Automatically Contructing a Dictionary for Information Extraction Tasks},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        LOCATION           = {RG File}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ril93bRG,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Riloff and W. Lehnert},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Ninth IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications},
        PAGES              = {93-99},
        TITLE              = {Automated Dictionary Construction for Information Extraction from Text},
        YEAR               = {1993},
        LOCATION           = {RG File}
}


@InProceedings{Ril95,
  author = 	 {E. Riloff and J. Shoen},
  title = 	 {Automatically aquiring conceptual patterns without an annotated corpus},
  booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Very Large Corpora},
  year =	 1995
}

@ARTICLE{Riloff-Domains,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Riloff},
        JOURNAL            = {AI Joutrnal},
        TITLE              = {An Empirical Study of Automated Dictionary Construction for Information Extraction in Three Domains},
        VOLUME             = {85},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}


@UNPUBLISHED{Rit94a,
        AUTHOR             = {Ritchie, G.},
        NOTE               = {Unpublished software manual available in Department of Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Definite Clause Grammars with Automatic Structure Binding},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Rit94b,
        AUTHOR             = {Ritchie, G.},
        NOTE               = {Unpublished software manual available in Department of Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Rules for Translating Syntax Trees},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@TECHREPORT{RNF88,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson and M.~Niranjan and F.~Fallside},
        INSTITUTION        = {Cambridge University Engineering Department},
        NUMBER             = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.25},
        TITLE              = {Generalising the nodes of the error propagation network},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@INCOLLECTION{robinson-nips,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson and F.~Fallside},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {Dana Z.~Anderson},
        PAGES              = {632--641},
        PUBLISHER          = {American Institute of Physics},
        TITLE              = {Static and dynamic error propagation networks with application to speech coding},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INCOLLECTION{robinson-paris,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson and F.~Fallside},
        ADDRESS            = {Paris},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Neural Networks: From Models to Applications},
        EDITOR             = {L.~Personnaz and G.~Dreyfus},
        PAGES              = {541--550},
        PUBLISHER          = {I.~D.~S.~E.~T.},
        TITLE              = {A dynamic connectionist model for phoneme recognition},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@TECHREPORT{robinson-timit,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson and F.~Fallside},
        INSTITUTION        = {Cambridge University Engineering Department},
        NUMBER             = {CUED/F-INFENG/TR.42},
        TITLE              = {Phoneme recognition from the {TIMIT} database using recurrent error propagation networks},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@ARTICLE{robinson-tnn94,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks}},
        PAGES              = {298--305},
        TITLE              = {The Application of Recurrent Nets to Phone Probability Estimation},
        VOLUME             = {5},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Roc95,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Roche and Y. Schabes},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        MONTH              = jun,
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {227-254},
        TITLE              = {{Deterministic Part-of-Speech Tagging with Finite-State Transducers}},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Roc97,
        EDITOR		   = {E. Roche and Y. Schabes},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {{Finite-State Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Rod97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Rodgers, P.J. and Gaizauskas, R.J. and Humphreys, K.W. and Cunningham, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {Capri, Italy},
        BOOKTITLE          = {IEEE Visual Language},
        TITLE              = {{Visual Execution and Data Visualisation in Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@BOOK{Ros78,
        AUTHOR             = {Rosch,E. and Lloyd, B.B.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, N.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {Cognition and categorization},
        YEAR               = {1978}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ros82,
        AUTHOR             = {Ross, K},
        ORGANIZATION       = {COLING},
        TITLE              = {An Improved Left-corner Parsing Algorithm},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{rosenfeld-slm,
        AUTHOR             = {R.~Rosenfeld},
        ADDRESS            = {Austin TX},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the ARPA Spoken Language Technology Workshop},
        TITLE              = {The {CMU} statistical language modelling toolkit and its use in the 1994 {ARPA} {CSR} evaluation},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Sag81,
        AUTHOR             = {Sager, N.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Natural Language Information Processing},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Saic98,
        AUTHOR             = {SAIC},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/\-related\_projects/muc/index.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7)}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{Sal70,
        AUTHOR             = {Salton, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading MA},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences},
        PAGES              = {187-194},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Processing of Foreign Language Documents}},
        VOLUME             = {21},
        YEAR               = {1970}
}

@BOOK{Sal89,
        AUTHOR             = {Salton, G.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{SaltonMcgill83,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Salton and M. J. {McGill}},
        PUBLISHER          = {McGraw-Hill},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval}},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@BOOK{Sam97,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Sampson},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cassell},
        TITLE              = {{Educating Eve}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Sam98,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Sampson},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        PAGES              = {363--365},
        TITLE              = {{Review of: Greenbaum (ed.), Comparing English Worldwide}},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@ARTICLE{sammon-comp69,
        AUTHOR             = {Sammon, Jr., J.},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Computers},
        PAGES              = {401--409},
        TITLE              = {A nonlinear mapping for data structure analysis},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1969}
}

@BOOK{Sch73,
        AUTHOR             = {Schank, R.C. and Colby,M. C.},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        PUBLISHER          = {W.H. Freeman},
        TITLE              = {Computer Models of Thought and Language},
        YEAR               = {1973.}
}

@BOOK{Sch75,
        AUTHOR             = {Schank, R.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Amsterdam},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {Conceptual Information Processing},
        YEAR               = {1975}
}

@BOOK{Sch77,
        AUTHOR             = {Schank, R.C. and Abelson, R.P.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, N.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@BOOK{Sch81,
        AUTHOR             = {Schank, R.C. and Riesbeck, C.K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, N.J.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {Inside Computer Understanding Five Programs Plus Miniatures},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@ARTICLE{Sch82,
        AUTHOR             = {Schubert, L.K. and Pelletier, F.J.},
        JOURNAL            = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {From English to Logic: Context-Free Computation of 'Conventional' Logical Translation},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sch91,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Sch\"{u}tz and G. Thurmair and R. Cencioni},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington D.C.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {MT Summit III},
        PAGES              = {3--11},
        TITLE              = {{An Architecture Sketch of Eurotra-II}},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Sch94,
        AUTHOR             = {J. Sch\"{u}tz},
        JOURNAL            = {ALEP User Group News, CEC Luxemburg},
        MONTH              = oct,
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Developing Lingware in ALEP}},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sch95,
        AUTHOR             = {Sch\"{u}rr, A. and Winter, A. and Z\"{u}ndorf, A.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings VL'95 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt},
        PUBLISHER          = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
        TITLE              = {{Visual Programming with Graph Rewriting Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Sch96a,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Schwartz and G. Thurmair},
        MONTH              = jul,
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, GMS, Germany},
        TITLE              = {{WP 4.1 Task T3: Term Substitution, Detailed Functional Specifications}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Sch96b,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Schwartz and G. Thurmair},
        MONTH              = jul,
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, GMS, Germany},
        TITLE              = {{WP 4.1 Task S3: Basic Linguistic Tools, Global Functional Specifications}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Schutze92,
        AUTHOR             = {Sch\"{u}tze, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {Minneapolis, MN},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of Supercomputing '92},
        PAGES              = {787-796},
        TITLE              = {Dimensions of Meaning},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Sei99,
        AUTHOR             = {SEI},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.sei.cmu.edu/\-architecture/definitions.html}} visited March 29th 1999},
        TITLE              = {{How Do You Define Software Architecture}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Sen92,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Seneff},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {61--86},
        TITLE              = {TINA: A Natural Language System fo Spoken Language Applications},
        VOLUME             = {18},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{seneff-eurospeech95,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Seneff and M.~{McCandless} and V.~Zue},
        ADDRESS            = {Madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1781--1784},
        TITLE              = {Integrating natural language into the word graph search for simultaneous speech recognition and understanding},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Sha92,
        ADDRESS            = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
        EDITOR             = {N. Sharkey},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer},
        TITLE              = {{Connectionist Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sha93,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Shaw},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, DC},
        BOOKTITLE          = {OOPSLA 93},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture: Beyond Objects}},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Sha96a,
        AUTHOR             = {Shaw, M. and Garlan, D.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall, New York},
        TITLE              = {{Software Architecture}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sha97,
        AUTHOR             = {Shaw, M. and Clements, P.C.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings COMPSAC97, 21st Int'l Computer Software and Applications Conference},
        PAGES              = {6--13},
        TITLE              = {{A Field Guide to Boxology: Preliminary Classification of Architectural Styles for Software Systems}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Shapiro82,
        AUTHOR             = {Shapiro, S.},
        JOURNAL            = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {12 -- 25},
        TITLE              = {{G}eneralized {A}ugmented {T}ransition {N}etwork {G}rammars for {G}eneration from {S}emantic {N}etworks},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1982},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@BOOK{Shi92,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Shieber},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA},
        TITLE              = {Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@BOOK{Shu88,
        AUTHOR             = {Shu, N.C.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York},
        TITLE              = {Visual Programming},
        YEAR               = {1988},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@TECHREPORT{Sid79,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Sidner},
        INSTITUTION        = {MIT. Artificial Intelligence Labratory},
        NUMBER             = {TR-537},
        TITLE              = {Toward a Computation of Intrasentential Coreference},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{Sid81,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Sidner},
        JOURNAL            = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics},
        PAGES              = {217-231},
        TITLE              = {Focusing for Interpretation of pronouns},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sid83,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Sidner},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Computational Models of Discourse},
        EDITOR             = {Brady. M and Berwick R.C},
        PUBLISHER          = {Cambridge (MA) : The MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Focusing in the Comprehension of Definite Anaphora},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Sie80,
        AUTHOR             = {Siekmann, J. and Wrightson, G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Acta Informatica},
        TITLE              = {Paramodulated Connection Graphs},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1980},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sie84,
        AUTHOR             = {Siekmann, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automated Deduction},
        EDITOR             = {Shostak, R.E.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {Universal Unification},
        YEAR               = {1984},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@ARTICLE{Sie86,
        AUTHOR             = {Siekmann, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Brighton},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Unification Theory},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sigurd91-catalina,
        AUTHOR             = {Sigurd, B.},
        ADDRESS            = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics},
        EDITOR             = {Paris, C. and Swartout, W. and Mann, W.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer},
        TITLE              = {{R}eferent {G}rammar in {T}ext {G}eneration},
        YEAR               = {1991},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sim83,
        AUTHOR             = {Simon, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {Palo Alto, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach},
        EDITOR             = {Carbonell, J.G. and Michalski, R.S. and Mitchell, T.M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Tioga Pub. Co.},
        TITLE              = {Why Should Machines Learn ?},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Sim92,
        AUTHOR             = {Simkins, N. K.},
        INSTITUTION        = {CEC Luxemburg},
        NOTE               = {CEC Luxemburg},
        TITLE              = {{ALEP User Guide}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Sim94,
        AUTHOR             = {Simkins, N. K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Paris},
        BOOKTITLE          = {First CEC Language Engineering Convention},
        TITLE              = {{An Open Architecture for Language Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Sim95,
        AUTHOR             = {H.A. Simon},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        MONTH              = aug,
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Artificial intelligence and empirical science}},
        VOLUME             = {77},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Slo81,
        AUTHOR             = {Slocum, J},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ACL},
        TITLE              = {A Practical Comparison of Parsing Strategies},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Sma82,
        AUTHOR             = {Small, S. and Rieger, C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, NJ},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Strategies for Natural Language Processing},
        EDITION            = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        EDITOR             = {Lehnert, W. and Ringle, M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {Parsing and comprehending with word experts (a theory and its realisation)},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Sma88,
        ADDRESS            = {San Mateo, California},
        EDITOR             = {Small, S. and Cottrell, G. and Tanenhaus, M.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology and Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@ARTICLE{Smi82,
        AUTHOR             = {Smith, B.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {Menlo Park},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics},
        PUBLISHER          = {ACL},
        TITLE              = {Linguistic and Computational Semantics},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Smu68,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Smullyan},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag},
        TITLE              = {First-Order Logic},
        YEAR               = {1968}
}

@ARTICLE{SoderlandThesis,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Soderland},
        JOURNAL            = {Ph.D. Thesis},
        TITLE              = {Learning Text Analysis Rules For Domain-Specific Natural Language Processing},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Som97,
        AUTHOR             = {Harold L. Somers},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Translating and the Computer 19: Papers from the Aslib conference},
        TITLE              = {{Machine Translation and Minority Languages}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{soong-icassp91,
        AUTHOR             = {F.~K.~Soong and E.-F.~Huang},
        ADDRESS            = {Toronto},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {705--708},
        TITLE              = {A tree-trellis based fast search for finding the n-best sentence hypotheses in continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Sow84,
        AUTHOR             = {Sowa, J.F},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Conceptual Structures : Information Processing in Mind and Machine},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{Sow91,
        ADDRESS            = {San Mateo, CA},
        EDITOR             = {Sowa, J.F.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@BOOK{Sowa84,
        AUTHOR             = {Sowa, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine},
        YEAR               = {1984},
        LOCATION           = {read, HC - Shef}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Spa94,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Sparck-Jones},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Second ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology},
        MONTH              = {March},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Towards Better NLP System Evaluation}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{SparckJones68,
        AUTHOR             = {K.~Sparck-Jones},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        NOTE               = {Reprinted 1986},
        PUBLISHER          = {Edinburgh UP},
        TITLE              = {Synonymy and Semantic Classification},
        YEAR               = {1968}
}

@BOOK{Spe94,
        AUTHOR             = {Sperberg-McQueen, C.M. and Burnard, L.},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://etext.virginia.edu/\-TEI.html}}},
        PUBLISHER          = {ACH, ACL, ALLC},
        TITLE              = {Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI P3)},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@PHDTHESIS{sphinx,
        AUTHOR             = {K.~F.~Lee},
        SCHOOL             = {{School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University}},
        TITLE              = {Large Vocabulary Speaker-Independent Continuous Speech Recognition: The {SPHINX} System},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@BOOK{Spi89,
        AUTHOR             = {J.M. Spivey},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{The Z Notation: A Reference Manual}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{Spi92,
        AUTHOR             = {J.M. Spivey},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        EDITION            = {2nd},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{The Z Notation: A Reference Manual}},
        YEAR               = {1992},
        ISSN_ISBN = "013-978529-9"
}

@TECHREPORT{Spy99,
        AUTHOR             = {C.D. Spyropoulos},
        ADDRESS            = {Athens},
        INSTITUTION        = {NKSR Demokritus},
        TITLE              = {{Final Report of the Greek Information Extraction (GIE) Project}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{sri-cdnn92,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Cohen and H.~Franco and N.~Morgan and D.~Rumelhart and V.~Abrash},
        ADDRESS            = {Banff},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {915--918},
        TITLE              = {Hybrid neural network/hidden {Markov} model continuous-speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{staab-eurospeech95,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Staab},
        ADDRESS            = {Madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1777-1780},
        TITLE              = {{GLR}-parsing of word lattices using a beam search method},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Ste84,
        AUTHOR             = {Steele, G.L.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Digital Equipment Press},
        TITLE              = {Common Lisp: The Language},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ste95,
        AUTHOR             = {M.H. Stefanini and Yves Deamzeau},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 12th Brazilian Symposium on AI},
        TITLE              = {{TALISMAN: a multi-agent system for Natural Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ste96,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. and Stevenson, M.},
        NOTE               = {Submitted to Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {The Grammar of Sense: Is word-sense tagging much more than part-of-speech tagging?}
}

@BOOK{Ste96b,
        AUTHOR             = {Steinman, S.B. and Carver, K.G.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Manning Publication},
        TITLE              = {{Visual Programming With Prograph CPX}},
        YEAR               = {1996},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ste98,
        AUTHOR             = {Stevenson, M. and Cunningham, H. and Wilks, Y.},
        ADDRESS            = {Brighton, U.K.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-98)},
        PAGES              = {185-189},
        TITLE              = {Sense Tagging and Language Engineering},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{SteenekenVanLeeuwen95,
        AUTHOR             = {Herman J.M.~Steeneken, David A.~Van Leeuwen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        TITLE              = {Multi-Lingual Assessment of Speaker Independent Large Vocabulary Speech-Recognition Systems: the {SQALE} Project (Speech Recognition Quality Assessment for Language Engineering)},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INCOLLECTION{stolcke-om,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Stolcke and S.~Omohundro},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}},
        EDITOR             = {S.~J.~Hanson and J.~D.~Cowan and C.~L.~Giles},
        PUBLISHER          = {{Morgan Kaufmann, California}},
        TITLE              = {Hidden {Markov} model induction by {Bayesian} model merging},
        VOLUME             = {5},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@TECHREPORT{StrzalkowskiVauthey91a,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Strzalkowski and B.~Vauthey},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, New York University},
        MONTH              = {October},
        NUMBER             = {42},
        TITLE              = {Natural Language Processing in Automated Information Retrieval},
        TYPE               = {PROTEUS Project Memorandum},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{StrzalkowskiVauthey91b,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Strzalkowski and B.~Vauthey},
        ADDRESS            = {Pacific Grove, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {4th DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        MONTH              = {February},
        TITLE              = {Fast Text Processing for Information Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{Sug81,
        AUTHOR             = {K. Sugiyama and S. Tagawa and M. Toda},
        JOURNAL            = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man \& Cybernetics},
        NUMBER             = {2},
        PAGES              = {109-125},
        TITLE              = {Methods for Visual Understanding of Hierarchical System Structures},
        VOLUME             = {11},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tak96,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Takemoto and T. Wakao and H. Yamada and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of theTIPSTER Phase II Workshop}},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the NEC/Sheffield System Used for MET Japanese}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Tan89,
        AUTHOR             = {A.S. Tannenbaum},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice-Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Computer Networks, 2nd Edn.}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{Tar86,
        AUTHOR             = {Tarnlund, S.-A.},
        ADDRESS            = {Salt Lake City},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of the 1986 Symposium on Logic Programming},
        PUBLISHER          = {IEEE},
        TITLE              = {Logic Programming - From a Logic Point of View},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {lprog}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Tat90,
        AUTHOR             = {G.D. Tattersall and P.W. Linford and R. Linggard},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Speech and Language Processing},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chapman and Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Neural Arrays for Speech Recognition}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@BOOK{Ten81,
        AUTHOR             = {Tennant, H.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Petrocelli Books},
        TITLE              = {Natural Language Processing},
        YEAR               = {1981}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ten83a,
        AUTHOR             = {Tennant, H.R. and Ross K.M. and Thompson C.W.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of CHI 83},
        ORGANIZATION       = {CHI},
        TITLE              = {Usable Natural Language Interfaces through Menu-Based Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ten83b,
        AUTHOR             = {Tennant, H.R. and Ross K.M. and Saenz, R.M. and Thompson C.W. and Miller J.R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {21st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational linguistice proceedings},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ACL},
        TITLE              = {Menu-Based Natural Language Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Tho85,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Thompson},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Automatic Natural Language Parsing}},
        EDITOR             = {K. Sparck-Jones and Y. Wilks},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {{Natural language processing: a critical analysis of the structure of the field, with some implications for parsing}},
        YEAR               = {1985}
}

@MISC{Tho95,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Thompson},
        HOWPUBLISHED       = {LRE 62-050 Develiverable 2},
        TITLE              = {{MULTEXT Workpackage 2 Milestone B Deliverable Overview}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Tho96,
        AUTHOR             = {H. Thompson and D. McKelvie},
        ADDRESS            = {Munich},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings of SGML Europe '96}},
        TITLE              = {{A Software Architecture for Simple, Efficient SGML Applications}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@TECHREPORT{Thu96,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Thurmair},
        ADDRESS            = {Munich},
        INSTITUTION        = {Sail Labs GMBH.},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal report},
        NUMBER             = {WP41-S6-V1.1},
        TITLE              = {{WP 4.1 Task S6: Text Handling, Detailed Functional Specifications}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Thu96a,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Thurmair},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, GMS, Germany},
        TITLE              = {{AVENTINUS System Architecture}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Thu96b,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Thurmair},
        NOTE               = {LE project LE1-2238 AVENTINUS internal technical report, GMS, Germany},
        TITLE              = {{TERRIOR: Terminology in AVENTINUS}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Thu96c,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Thurmair},
        NOTE               = {Submitted 1996},
        TITLE              = {Multilingual Information Processing in AVENTINUS},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Thu97,
        AUTHOR             = {G. Thurmair},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Processing: Extracting Information for Business Needs},
        MONTH              = mar,
        ORGANIZATION       = {Unicom Seminars Ltd.},
        PAGES              = {135-149},
        TITLE              = {Information Extraction for Intelligence Systems},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Tip94,
        AUTHOR             = {{TIPSTER Architecture Committee}},
        INSTITUTION        = {New York University},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.cs.nyu.edu/\-tipster}}},
        TITLE              = {{TIPSTER Text Phase II Architecture Concept}},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Tip95,
        AUTHOR             = {TIPSTER},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.itl.nist.gov/\-div894/894.02/\-related\_projects/\-tipster/gen\_ir.htm}}},
        TITLE              = {{The Generic Document Detection System}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{tomita-icassp86,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~Tomita},
        ADDRESS            = {Tokyo},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {1569--1572},
        TITLE              = {An efficient word lattice parsing algorithm for continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Ton95,
        AUTHOR             = {Tong, R.M},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Overview of the Third retrieval Conference (TREC-3).},
        EDITOR             = {Harman, D.K},
        TITLE              = {Interactive Document Retrieval Using TOPIC},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Tou86,
        AUTHOR             = {Touretzky, D.S.},
        ADDRESS            = {Los Altos, Ca.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@TECHREPORT{tr-91-030,
        AUTHOR             = {S.~Renals and N.~Morgan and H.~Bourlard},
        ADDRESS            = {Berkeley CA, USA},
        INSTITUTION        = {International Computer Science Institute},
        NUMBER             = {TR-91-030},
        TITLE              = {Probability estimation by feed-forward networks in continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Tra95,
        AUTHOR             = {Tracz, W.},
        MONTH              = mar,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.oswego.com/\-dssa/faq/faq.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Domain-Specific Software Architecture (DSSA) Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{TraXX,
        AUTHOR             = {Trautteur, G.},
        TITLE              = {A Novel Interaction Bewteen AI and Philosophy}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Trestle00,
        AUTHOR             = {TRESTLE},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http:/www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/research/\-groups/nlp/trestle}}},
        TITLE              = {The {TRESTLE} Project},
        YEAR               = {2000}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{trigger-icassp93,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Lau and R. Rosenfeld and S. Roukos},
        ADDRESS            = {Minneapolis MN},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {45--48},
        TITLE              = {Trigger-based language models: A maximum entropy approach},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INCOLLECTION{TrujilloPlowman93,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~Trujillo and D.~Plowman},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Progress in Machine Translation},
        EDITOR             = {Nirenburg},
        PUBLISHER          = {ISO Publishers},
        TITLE              = {Automation of Bilingual Lexicon Compilation},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Tur84,
        AUTHOR             = {Turner, R},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis-Horwood},
        TITLE              = {Logics for AI},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ueberla-icslp96,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Ueberla and I.~Gransden},
        ADDRESS            = {Philadelphia PA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        TITLE              = {Clustered language models with context-dependent states},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{ueberla-sap96,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Ueberla},
        JOURNAL            = {{IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {313--316},
        TITLE              = {An extended clustering algorithm for statistical language models},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{Ull82,
        AUTHOR             = {Ullman, J.D.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Computer Science Press},
        TITLE              = {Principles of Database Systems},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@BOOK{Uni96,
        AUTHOR             = {{The Unicode Consortium}},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {{The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Val84,
        AUTHOR             = {Valiant, L.G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {11},
        TITLE              = {A Theory of the Learnable},
        VOLUME             = {27},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@BOOK{van71,
        AUTHOR             = {vanFraassen, B.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {The Macmillan Company},
        TITLE              = {Formal Semantics and Logic},
        YEAR               = {1971}
}

@ARTICLE{van76,
        AUTHOR             = {vanEmden, M.H. and Kowalski, R.A.},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of the ACM},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {The Semantics of Predicate Logic as a Programming Language},
        VOLUME             = {23},
        YEAR               = {1976},
        KEYWORDS           = {sem}
}

@BOOK{van79,
        AUTHOR             = {C.J. {van Rijsbergen}},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Butterworths},
        TITLE              = {Information Retrieval},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{van86,
        AUTHOR             = {vanEmdeBoas, G. and vanEmdeBoas, P.},
        JOURNAL            = {IBM Journal of Research and Development},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {80-92},
        TITLE              = {Storing and Evaluating Horn-Clause Rules in a Relational Database},
        VOLUME             = {30},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {ldb}
}

@BOOK{van91,
        ADDRESS            = {Hilldsdale, NJ},
        EDITOR             = {vanLehn, K.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
        TITLE              = {Architectures for Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{VelardiPazienza89,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Velardi and M.~T.~Pazienza},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Computational Intelligence '88},
        EDITOR             = {G.~Valle},
        PUBLISHER          = {North-Holland},
        TITLE              = {Acquisition of Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Text},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@ARTICLE{VelardiPazienzaFasolo91,
        AUTHOR             = {P.~Velardi and M.~T.~Pazienza and M.~Fasolo},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {17},
        TITLE              = {How to encode semantic knowledge: a method for learning representation},
        VOLUME             = {2},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ven98,
        AUTHOR             = {Venners, B.},
        MONTH              = feb,
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.javaworld.com/\-jw-02-1998/\-jw-02-techniques.html}}},
        TITLE              = {{Introduction to Design Techniques}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Vil93,
        AUTHOR             = {Marc Vilain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 1993 {ARPA} Human Language Workshop},
        TITLE              = {Validation of terminological inference in an information extraction task},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vil95,
        AUTHOR             = {Marc Vilain and John Burger and John Aberdeen and Dennis Connolly and Lynette Hirschman},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PAGES              = {45-52},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {A Model-Theoretic Coreference Scoring Scheme},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vil96,
        AUTHOR             = {M. Vilain and D. Day},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING-96},
        TITLE              = {{Finite-state phrase parsing by rule sequences}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{vintsyuk71,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~K.~Vintsyuk},
        JOURNAL            = {Kibernetika},
        PAGES              = {133--143},
        TITLE              = {Element-wise recognition of continuous speech composed of words from a specified dictionary},
        VOLUME             = {7},
        YEAR               = {1971}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Vossen97,
        AUTHOR             = {Vossen, P. and Diez-Orzas, P. and Peters, W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Madrid},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the ACL/EACL-97 workshop on Automatic Information Extraction and Building of Lexical Semantic Resources for NLP Applications},
        TITLE              = {{The Multilingual Design of EuroWordNet}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Vouros89,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Vouros and C.~Spyropoulos},
        JOURNAL            = {Augewandte Informatik},
        PAGES              = {287--293},
        TITLE              = {A methodology for conceptual representation of knowledge using Attribute Grammars},
        VOLUME             = {9},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Vouros91,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Vouros and C.~Spyropoulos},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Engineering Systems with Intelligence. Concepts, Tools and Applications},
        EDITOR             = {S.~G.~Tzafestas},
        PAGES              = {43--50},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer, Academic, Amsterdam},
        TITLE              = {The {\sc phos} Conceptual Language for Knowledge Representation},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@PHDTHESIS{Vouros92,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Vouros},
        MONTH              = {April},
        NOTE               = {In Greek},
        SCHOOL             = {Department of Informatics, University of Athens},
        TITLE              = {Structure and Organisation of Conceptual Models - An Epistemological Approach},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Vouros94,
        AUTHOR             = {G.~Vouros and C.~Spyropoulos},
        NOTE               = {Accepted under revision from the IEEE Trans. On Systems Man and Cybernetics},
        TITLE              = {The {\sc phos} Conceptual Formalism for Knowledge Representation},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@BOOK{Wai65,
        AUTHOR             = {Waismann, F.},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Macmillan},
        TITLE              = {The principles of linguistic philosophy},
        YEAR               = {1965}
}

@BOOK{Wai88,
        AUTHOR             = {A. Waibel},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Pitman},
        TITLE              = {{Prosody and Speech Recognition}},
        YEAR               = {1988}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wak96,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Wakao and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING96)},
        PAGES              = {418-423},
        TITLE              = {Evaluation of an Algorithm for the Recognition and Classification of Proper Names},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wakao96,
        AUTHOR             = {Wakao, T. and Gaizauskas, R. and Humphries, K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING96)},
        PAGES              = {418-423},
        TITLE              = {Evaluation of an Algorithm for the Recognition and Calssification of Proper Names},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wal86,
        AUTHOR             = {Walker, D. and Amsler, R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Analysing language in restricted domains: sublanguage description and processing},
        PAGES              = {69-84},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {The use of machine-readable dictionaries in sub-language analysis},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@ARTICLE{Wal97,
        AUTHOR             = {Walker, M. A. and Moore, J.D.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {1-12},
        TITLE              = {Empirical Studies in Discourse},
        VOLUME             = {23},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{WalkerAmsler86,
        AUTHOR             = {D.~E.~Walker and R.~A.~Amsler},
        ADDRESS            = {Hillsdale, NJ},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains},
        EDITOR             = {R.~Grishman and R.~Kittredge},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {The Use of Machine-Readable Dictionaries in Sublanguage Analysis},
        YEAR               = {1986}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wall82,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Waller},
        BOOKTITLE          = {The Technology of Text},
        EDITOR             = {Jonassen, D.H.},
        PAGES              = {137-166},
        PUBLISHER          = {Educational Technology Publications},
        TITLE              = {Text as Diagram: Using Typography to Improve Access and Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@TECHREPORT{War77,
        AUTHOR             = {Warren, D.H.D.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Edinburgh},
        TITLE              = {Implementing PROLOG - Compiling Predicate Logic Programs Volumes 1 \& 2},
        TYPE               = {D.A.I. Research Reports Nos. 39 \& 40, Department of Artificial Intelligence},
        YEAR               = {1977}
}

@ARTICLE{War82,
        AUTHOR             = {Warren, D.S.},
        JOURNAL            = {American Journal of Computational Linguistics},
        NUMBER             = {3-4},
        PAGES              = {123-138},
        TITLE              = {Using Semantics in Non-Context-Free Parsing of Montague Grammar},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1982}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{War94,
        AUTHOR             = {N.~Ward},
        ADDRESS            = {Seattle},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Integration of Natural Language and Speech Processing},
        PAGES              = {50--57},
        TITLE              = {An Approach to Tightly-Coupled Syntactic/Semantic Processing for Speech Understanding},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        ORGANISATION = {AAAI}
}

@BOOK{Wat87,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Waterworth},
        ADDRESS            = {Chichester},
        PUBLISHER          = {Ellis Horwood},
        TITLE              = {{Speech and Language-Based Interaction With Machines}},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@BOOK{Web79,
        AUTHOR             = {B.L. Webber},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Garland},
        TITLE              = {A Formal Approach to Discourse Anaphora},
        YEAR               = {1979}
}

@ARTICLE{WebFoot,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Soderland},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of Third International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-97)},
        TITLE              = {Learning to extract Text-based information from the World Wide Web},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@ARTICLE{Wei93,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Weischedel and M. Meteer and R. Schwartz and L. Ramshaw and J. Palmucci.},
        JOURNAL            = {Computational Linguistics (Special Issue on Using Large Corpora: II)},
        PAGES              = {359-382},
        TITLE              = {Coping with Ambiguity and Unknown Words through Probabilistic Models},
        VOLUME             = {19},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wei95,
        AUTHOR             = {Weischedel, R.},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6)},
        PAGES              = {55-70},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {{Description of the PLUM System as used for MUC-6}},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wernicke-eurospeech93,
        AUTHOR             = {A.~J.~Robinson and L.~Almeida and J.-M.~Boite and H.~Bourlard and F.~Fallside and M.~Hochberg and D.~Kershaw and P.~Kohn and Y.~Konig and N.~Morgan and J.~P.~Neto and S.~Renals and M.~Saerens and C.~Wooters},
        ADDRESS            = {Berlin},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology}},
        PAGES              = {1941--1944},
        TITLE              = {A neural network based, speaker independent, large vocabulary, continuous speech recognition system: the {{\sc Wernicke}} project},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Wex80,
        AUTHOR             = {Wexler, K. and Culicover,P.W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press},
        TITLE              = {Formal Principles of Language Acquisition},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Wey80,
        AUTHOR             = {Weyhrauch, R.W.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence},
        TITLE              = {Prolegomena to a Theory of Mechanized Formal Reasoning},
        VOLUME             = {13},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@BOOK{Whe90,
        AUTHOR             = {C. Wheddon and R. Linggard},
        ADDRESS            = {London},
        PUBLISHER          = {Chapman and Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Speech and Language Processing}},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Whi91,
        AUTHOR             = {Whittemore, S and Macpherson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 29th meetings of the Asssociation for Computational Linguistics, {Berkeleye : California}},
        TITLE              = {Event-building through Role-filling and Anaphora Resolution},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@ARTICLE{WHISK,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Soderland},
        JOURNAL            = {{\small {\tt http://www.cs.washington.edu/\-homes/soderlan/\-WHISK.ps}}},
        TITLE              = {Learning Information Extraction Rules for Semi-structured and Free Text},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@BOOK{Wie89,
        AUTHOR             = {Wierzbicka, A.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Oxford University Press},
        TITLE              = {Semantics, Culture and Cognition},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{Wie93,
        AUTHOR             = {Wiener, L.R.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, Ma},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Digital Woes: Why We Should Not Depend on Software},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Wil72,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks},
        PUBLISHER          = {Routledge and Kegan Paul},
        TITLE              = {Grammar, Meaning and the Machine Analysis of Meaning},
        YEAR               = {1972},
        KEYWORDS           = {nlp}
}

@TECHREPORT{Wil86,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilkins, M.W.},
        ADDRESS            = {Stanford, CA},
        INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, Stanford University},
        TITLE              = {A Model-Theoretic Approach to Updating Logical Databases},
        TYPE               = {Report No. STAN-CS-86-1096},
        YEAR               = {1986},
        KEYWORDS           = {ldb}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil91,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {San Mateo, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of DARPA Speech and Language Workshop},
        PAGES              = {79-86},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Diderot: a text extraction system},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INBOOK{Wil92,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and L. Guthrie and J. Guthrie and J. Cowie},
        PUBLISHER          = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
        TITLE              = {Combining Weak Methods in Large-Scale Text Processing, in Jacobs 1992, Text-Based Intelligent Systems},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@ARTICLE{Wil94,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks},
        JOURNAL            = {Proceedings of ASLIB},
        NUMBER             = {4},
        TITLE              = {{Developments in MT Research in the US}},
        VOLUME             = {46},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Wil95,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. A.},
        NOTE               = {Submitted to Computational Linguistics},
        TITLE              = {Senses and Texts},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Wil95b,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y},
        NOTE               = {EU Research Proposal},
        TITLE              = {E{C}{R}{A}{N}: Extraction of {C}ontent: {R}esearch at {N}ear-market},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{Wil96,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. and Guthrie, L. and Slator, B.},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA},
        TITLE              = {Electric Words},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Wil96b,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        MONTH              = jan,
        NUMBER             = {1},
        TITLE              = {{Natural Language Processing, guest editorial}},
        VOLUME             = {39},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@ARTICLE{Wil97,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and R. Catizone and M. Stevenson and R. Collier and R. Basili and P. Velardi and M.T. Paizienza},
        JOURNAL            = {submitted},
        TITLE              = {{Towards a Well-Tuned lexicon for Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and M. Stevenson},
        ADDRESS            = {Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference `Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing'},
        PAGES              = {1-7},
        TITLE              = {{Combining Independent Knowledge Sources for Word Sense Disambiguation}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil97b,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and M. Stevenson},
        ADDRESS            = {Washington, DC},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SIGLEX Workshop on Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics},
        PAGES              = {74-78},
        TITLE              = {{Sense Tagging: Semantic Tagging with a Lexicon}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wil97d,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y and Gaizauskas, R.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Information Retrieval},
        EDITOR             = {T. Strazlkowski},
        NOTE               = {In press},
        PUBLISHER          = {Kluwer},
        TITLE              = {{LaSIE Jumps the GATE}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil98a,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and M. Stevenson},
        ADDRESS            = {Montreal},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING-ACL98},
        TITLE              = {{Word sense disambiguation using optimised combinations of knowledge sources}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil98b,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {Herstmonceux, Sussex},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SENSEVAL Conference},
        NOTE               = {Also appears as Technical Report CS-98-12, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1998},
        TITLE              = {{Is word-sense disambiguation just one more NLP task?}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wil99a,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilson, M.},
        ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
        MONTH              = apr,
        PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {{Standards and Reference Architectures: Their Purpose and Establishment}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{Wil99b,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and M. Stevenson},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering 4(3)},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        TITLE              = {{The Grammar of Sense: Using part-of-speech tags as a first step in semantic disambiguation}},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Wil99x,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and H. Cunningham},
        NOTE               = {Unpublished Project Proposal},
        TITLE              = {{Tender for Adaptive Information Extraction}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{WilGai97a,
        AUTHOR             = {Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language Processing: Extracting Information for Business Needs},
        TITLE              = {{LaSIE jumps the GATE}},
        YEAR               = {UNICOM, 1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wilks+Stevo97,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. and Stevenson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SIGLEX Workshop "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: What, why and how?"},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9705016}}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ANLP},
        TITLE              = {Sense Tagging: Semantic Tagging with a Lexicon},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wilks87,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks and D.~C.~Fass and C.~Guo and J.~E.~McDonald and T.~Plate and B.~M.~Slator},
        ADDRESS            = {Harlow, Essex},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing},
        EDITOR             = {B.~Boguraev and T.~Briscoe},
        NOTE               = {Also MCCS-87-105, CRL/NMSU},
        PUBLISHER          = {Longman Group Limited},
        TITLE              = {A Tractable Machine Dictionary as a Resource for Computational Semantics},
        YEAR               = {1987}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wilks91,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks},
        ADDRESS            = {San Mateo, CA},
        BOOKTITLE          = {DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop},
        PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
        TITLE              = {Diderot: a text extraction system},
        YEAR               = {1991}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wilks92,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Yorick},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution},
        EDITOR             = {Martin Puetz},
        PUBLISHER          = {John Benjamins},
        TITLE              = {Where am {I} coming from: The reversibility of analysis and generation in natural language processing},
        YEAR               = {1992},
        LOCATION           = {HC - Shef}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wilks97,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. and Stevenson, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the SIGLEX Workshop "Tagging Text with Lexical Semantics: What, why and how?"},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9705016}}},
        ORGANIZATION       = {ANLP},
        TITLE              = {Sense Tagging: Semantic Tagging with a Lexicon},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@TECHREPORT{Wilks99,
        AUTHOR             = {Wilks, Y. and Gaizauskas, R.},
        INSTITUTION        = {University of Sheffield},
        NUMBER             = {GR/K25267},
        TITLE              = {Report on EPSRC Research Grant on the Large Scale Information Extraction Research Project},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@ARTICLE{WilksGuthrieFarwell93,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks and L.~Guthrie and D.~Farwell},
        JOURNAL            = {Journal of Machine Translation},
        TITLE              = {The automatic acquisition of lexical entries for machine translation},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{WilksGuthrieSlator94,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks and L.~Guthrie and B.~Slator},
        PUBLISHER          = {MIT Press, Cambridge, MA},
        TITLE              = {Electric Words: Lexicons, Dictionaries and Meanings},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INCOLLECTION{WilksNirenburg93,
        AUTHOR             = {Y.~Wilks and S.~Nirenburg},
        ADDRESS            = {Tokyo},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference on very large knowledge bases},
        TITLE              = {Large-scale knowledge base acquisition},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@BOOK{Win72,
        AUTHOR             = {Winograd, T.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Academic Press},
        TITLE              = {Understanding Natural Language},
        YEAR               = {1972}
}

@BOOK{Win83,
        AUTHOR             = {Winograd, T.},
        ADDRESS            = {Reading, MA},
        PUBLISHER          = {Addison-Wesley},
        TITLE              = {Language as a Cognitive Process Volume 1: Syntax},
        YEAR               = {1983}
}

@ARTICLE{Win85,
        AUTHOR             = {Winograd, T.},
        JOURNAL            = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
        NUMBER             = {1},
        PAGES              = {91-104},
        TITLE              = {Moving the Semantic Fulcrum},
        VOLUME             = {8},
        YEAR               = {1985},
        KEYWORDS           = {sem},
        ABSTRACT = "         This article is W.'s response to Barwise and                            Perry's Situation         Semantics. W. suggests that B \& P, while  remaining          within the         realist tradition, have moved the  'semantic fulcrum'   by        accepting         a different view of what  constitute real things,   the        primitives         into which reality is  carved up, from the   Montagovians. B  \&       P         accept individuals,  relations and locations   as primitive,  and               do not require  possible worlds to figure in   their ontology.  While                acknowledging that their formal treatment   allows for more  elegant                handling of things like discourse   situations, etc. he  feels they            have     not addressed the real   problem, which for him  involves rejecting            the     realist assumption   that there is a reality  independent of            language use     for  language  to map onto. For W.  meaning is  determined           by use of      language  within a community, and  language  should be           viewed as  activity      rather than description. He   introduces 2 analaogies:            (1) economics      could suppose a value   function which maps each            object onto a real  value     and market   activity could then be viewed            as perturbations  to the  real     value  - W. suggests that a better            perspective is to  view value  as      determined by activities of buying            and selling (2)  relation of   roads  to    terrain - terrain conditions            road placement  but does  not   determine it   -  road placement is          more   fundamentally   determined by   prior human  needs   and wants         -  who needs   to go   where. W. suggests   situation  semantics may           be  useful for     describing increasingly more    sophisticated artificial            languages     (e.g. computer languages)  where   the assumptions it           makes  about a     neatly divided world  existing   independently of         the   language   hold    true."
}

@BOOK{Wit94,
        AUTHOR             = {Witten, I.H. and Moffat, A. and Bell, T.C.},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Van Nostrand Reinhold},
        TITLE              = {Managing Gigabytes},
        YEAR               = {1994}
}

@ARTICLE{Wol80a,
        AUTHOR             = {Wolff, J.G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Language and Speech},
        TITLE              = {Language Acquisition and the Discovery of Phrase Structure},
        VOLUME             = {23 Part 3},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@ARTICLE{Wol80b,
        AUTHOR             = {Wolff, J.G.},
        JOURNAL            = {Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour},
        TITLE              = {Data Compression, Generalisation and Overgeneralisation in an Evolving Theory of Language Development},
        YEAR               = {1980}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Wol84,
        AUTHOR             = {Wolff, J.G.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Knowledge Based Learning Systems},
        EDITOR             = {Bolc, L.},
        PUBLISHER          = {Springer-Verlag.},
        TITLE              = {Cognitive Development as Optimisation},
        YEAR               = {1984}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Wol98,
        AUTHOR             = {F. Wolinski and F. Vichot and O. Gremont},
        ADDRESS            = {Moncton, Canada},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Natural Language and Industrial Applications},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9809021}}},
        TITLE              = {{Producing NLP-based On-line Contentware}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{woo95,
        AUTHOR             = {Woodruff, A. and Stonebreaker, M.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings VL'95 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt},
        PUBLISHER          = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
        TITLE              = {{Buffering of Intermediate Results in Dataflow Diagrams}},
        YEAR               = {1995},
        KEYWORDS           = {vl}
}

@BOOK{Wos84,
        AUTHOR             = {Wos, L. and Overbeek, R. and Lusk, E. and Boyle, J.},
        ADDRESS            = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice-Hall},
        TITLE              = {Automated Reasoning: Introduction and Applications},
        YEAR               = {1984},
        KEYWORDS           = {atp}
}

@ARTICLE{wright-csl90,
        AUTHOR             = {J.~Wright},
        JOURNAL            = {{Computer Speech and Language}},
        PAGES              = {297--323},
        TITLE              = {{LR} parsing of probabilistic grammars with input uncertainty for speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {4},
        YEAR               = {1990}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wsjcam0,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Robinson and J.~Framsen and D.~Pye and J.~Foote and S.~Renals},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        TITLE              = {{WSJCAM0}: A {British English} speech corpus for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{wsjcam0-icassp95,
        AUTHOR             = {T.~Robinson and J.~Fransen and D.~Pye and J.~Foote and S.~Renals},
        ADDRESS            = {Detroit},
        BOOKTITLE          = icassp,
        PAGES              = {81--84},
        TITLE              = {{WSJCAM0}: A {British English} speech corpus for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Yar92,
        AUTHOR             = {Yarowsky, D.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {COLING-92},
        TITLE              = {Word-Sense Disambiguation Using Statistical Models of {R}oget's Categories Trained on Large Corpora},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Yar93,
        AUTHOR             = {Yarowsky, D.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop},
        PAGES              = {266-271},
        TITLE              = {One Sense per Collocation},
        YEAR               = {1993}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Yar95,
        AUTHOR             = {Yarowsky, D.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of ACL95},
        TITLE              = {Unsupervised Word-Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Methods},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Yok94,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Yokoi and H. Suematsu},
        ADDRESS            = {Beijing},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the International Post-Coling Workshop on Lexical Research},
        TITLE              = {The Future of the EDR Electronic Dictionary},
        YEAR               = {1994},
        KEYWORDS           = {lex},
        LOCATION           = {RG File}
}

@ARTICLE{Yok95,
        AUTHOR             = {T. Yokoi},
        JOURNAL            = {Communications of the ACM},
        MONTH              = nov,
        NUMBER             = {11},
        TITLE              = {{The EDR Electronic Dictionary}},
        VOLUME             = {38},
        YEAR               = {1995}
}

@BOOK{You89,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Yourdon},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{Modern Structured Analysis}},
        YEAR               = {1989}
}

@BOOK{You96,
        AUTHOR             = {E. Yourdon},
        ADDRESS            = {New York},
        PUBLISHER          = {Prentice Hall},
        TITLE              = {{The Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer}},
        YEAR               = {1996}
}

@BOOK{You99,
        AUTHOR             = {S. Young and D. Kershaw and J. Odell and D. Ollason and V. Valtchev and P. Woodland},
        ADDRESS            = {Cambridge},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt ftp://ftp.entropic.com/pub/htk/}}},
        PUBLISHER          = {Entropic Ltd.},
        TITLE              = {{The HTK Book (Version 2.2)}},
        YEAR               = {1999}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{young-pmodel,
        AUTHOR             = {M.~J.~F.~Gales},
        ADDRESS            = {San Francisco},
        BOOKTITLE          = {{Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing}},
        PAGES              = {233--236},
        TITLE              = {An improved approach to the hidden {Markov} model decomposition of speech and noise},
        VOLUME             = {1},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Zaj92,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Zajac},
        ADDRESS            = {Nantes, France},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of COLING '92},
        PAGES              = {828--834},
        TITLE              = {{Towards Computer-Aided Linguistic Engineering}},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@TECHREPORT{Zaj97a,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Zajac and V. Mahesh and H. Pfeiffer and M. Casper},
        INSTITUTION        = {Computing Research Lab, New Mexico State University},
        TITLE              = {{The Corelli Document Processing Architecture.}},
        YEAR               = {1997.}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Zaj97b,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Zajac},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 5th conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)},
        TITLE              = {{An Open Distributed Architecture for Reuse and Integration of Heterogenous NLP Components}},
        YEAR               = {1997}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Zaj98,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Zajac},
        ADDRESS            = {Ankara, Turkey},
        BOOKTITLE          = {International Workshop on Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing},
        TITLE              = {{Feature Structures, Unification and Finite-State Transducers}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Zaj98b,
        AUTHOR             = {R. Zajac},
        ADDRESS            = {Granada, Spain},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Linguistic Resources},
        NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/\-\~{}hamish/dalr/}}},
        PAGES              = {34--40},
        TITLE              = {{Reuse and Integration of NLP Components in the Calypso Architecture}},
        YEAR               = {1998}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Zar92,
        AUTHOR             = {Zarri, G.P.},
        BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the specialized Conference on Natural Language Processing and its applications - Avigon 92},
        TITLE              = {Semantic Modeling of the content of (Normative) Natural Language Documents},
        YEAR               = {1992}
}

@BOOK{Zip35,
        AUTHOR             = {Zipf, G. K.},
        ADDRESS            = {Boston},
        PUBLISHER          = {Houghton Mifflin},
        TITLE              = {The Psycho-Biology of Language},
        YEAR               = {1935}
}

@ARTICLE{Zwi83,
        AUTHOR             = {Zwicky, A.M. and Pullum, G.K.},
        JOURNAL            = {Language},
        NUMBER             = {3},
        TITLE              = {Cliticization vs. Inflection: English n't},
        VOLUME             = {59},
        YEAR               = {1983},
        KEYWORDS           = {syn}
}

@ARTICLE{zwicker,
        AUTHOR             = {E.~Zwicker},
        JOURNAL            = {{Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}},
        PAGES              = {248--249},
        TITLE              = {Subdivision of the audible frequency range into critical bands (Frequenzgruppen)},
        VOLUME             = {33},
        YEAR               = {1961}
}
