#

# GATE papers

### Contents

- The user guide
- Journals and conferences
- Theses
- Tech reports etc.
- BibTeX entries
- 9 Month Progress Report
- 18 Month Progress Report
- 27 Month Progress Report
- 36 Month Progress Report

### Journals and conferences

H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, V. Tablan. GATE: A Framework and Graphical Development Environment for Robust NLP Tools and Applications. Proceedings of the 40th Anniversary Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'02). Philadelphia, July 2002. PDF.

H. Cunningham. GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering. Computers and the Humanities, volume 36, pp. 223-254, 2002.

D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, M. Dimitrov. Adapting A Robust Multi-Genre NE System for Automatic Content Extraction. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA 2002), 2002. PDF.

D.Maynard, K. Bontcheva, H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, O. Hamza. Using a Text Engineering Framework to Build an Extendable and Portable IE-based Summarisation System. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Text Summarisation , Philadelphia, July 2002. PDF.

P. Lal and S. Ruger. Extract-based Summarization with Simplification. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Text Summarisation / DUC 2002 , Philadelphia, July 2002. PDF.

K. Bontcheva, M. Dimitrov, D. Maynard, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham. Shallow Methods for Named Entity Coreference Resolution. Chaînes de références et résolveurs d'anaphores, workshop TALN 2002, Nancy, France, 2002. PDF.

M. Dimitrov, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, D. Maynard. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. Proceedings of the Fourth Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC) , Lisbon, September 2002. PDF.

K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, V. Tablan, D. Maynard, H. Saggion. Developing Reusable and Robust Language Processing Components for Information Systems using GATE. 3rd International Workshop on Natural Language and Information Systems (NLIS'2002), IEEE Computer Society Press, 2002. PS.

K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, V. Tablan, D.Maynard, O.Hamza. Using GATE as an Environment for Teaching NLP. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies in Teaching NLP, 2002. PDF.

H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, D. Maynard, C. Ursu, O. Hamza, Y. Wilks. Access to Multimedia Information through Multisource and Multilanguage Information Extraction. 7th Workshop on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2002), Stockholm, Sweden, 2002.

P. Baker and A. Hardie and T. McEnery and H. Cunningham and R. Gaizauskas. EMILLE, A 67-Million Word Corpus of Indic Languages: Data Collection, Mark-up and Harmonisation. Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2002) pp. 819-825.

V. Tablan, C. Ursu, K. Bontcheva, H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, O. Hamza, T. McEnery, P. Baker, M. Leisher. A Unicode-based Environment for Creation and Use of Language Resources. Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC'2002), 2002. PDF.

H. Saggion, H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, O. Hamza, C. Ursu, Y. Wilks. Extracting Information for Information Indexing of Multimedia Material. Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC'2002), 2002. PS

K. Pastra, D. Maynard, H. Cunningham, O. Hamza, Y. Wilks. How feasible is the reuse of grammars for Named Entity Recognition? Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC'2002), 2002. PS.

D. Maynard, V. Tablan, H. Cunningham, C. Ursu, H. Saggion, K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks. Architectural Elements of Language Engineering Robustness. Journal of Natural Language Engineering -- Special Issue on Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data, forthcoming. PDF.

D. Maynard, Hamish Cunningham, Rob Gaizauskas. Named Entity Recognition at Sheffield University. Nordic Language Technology -- Arbog for Nordisk > Sprogtechnologisk Forskningsprogram 2002-2004, 141-145, Museum Tusculanums Forlag.

D. Maynard and V. Tablan and C. Ursu and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks. Named Entity Recognition from Diverse Text Types. Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2001 Conference, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria. PDF.

A.M. McEnery and P. Baker and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham. EMILLE: Building a Corpus of South Asian Languages. Vivek, A Quarterly in Artificial Intelligence. Number 3, Volume 13, Pages 23-32. 2000.

Gambäck, Björn and Olsson, Fredrik. Experiences of Language Engineering Algorithm Reuse. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Athens, 2000. PostScript.

H. Cunningham, K. Bontcheva, W. Peters, Y. Wilks. Uniform language resource access and distribution in the context of a General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE). Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontologies and Language Resources (OntoLex'2000), Sozopol, Bulgaria, 8-10 September, 2000.

K. Bontcheva and H. Brugman and A. Russel and P. Wittenburg and H. Cunningham. An Experiment in Unifying Audio-Visual and Textual Infrastructures for Language Processing R&D. In Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000, Luxembourg, 2000.

H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks. Experience of using GATE for NLP R&D. In Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000, Luxembourg, 2000. PostScript. HTML.

H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks. Software Infrastructure for Language Resources: a Taxonomy of Previous Work and a Requirements Analysis. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Athens, 2000. Abstract. PDF. HTML.

H. Cunningham and R. Gaizauskas, and K. Humphreys and Y. Wilks. Experience with a Language Engineering Architecture: Three Years of GATE. In Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP, The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour, Edinburgh, U.K. Apr, 1999. HTML.

H. Cunningham and W. Peters and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks. A Level Playing Field for Language Resource Evaluation. In Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 1998. HTML. PostScript.

H. Cunningham and M. Stevenson and Y. Wilks. Implementing a Sense Tagger within a General Architecture for Language Engineering.Proceedings of the Third Conference on New Methods in Language Engineering (NeMLaP-3), pages 59-72, Sydney, Australia, 1998.

M. Stevenson and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks. Sense Tagging and Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-98), pages 185-189, Brighton, UK, 1998.

W. Peters and H. Cunningham and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks. Uniform Language Resource Access and Distribution. In Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 1998.

H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks. Software Infrastructure for Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97), Mar, 1997. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.CL/9702005. Local PostScript.

H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks. GATE -- a TIPSTER-based General Architecture for Text Engineering. In Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase III) 6 Month Workshop, DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann, California, May, 1997. PostScript.

H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks. TIPSTER-Compatible Projects at Sheffield. In Advances in Text Processing, TIPSTER Program Phase II, DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann, California, 1996.

H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas. New Methods, Current Trends and Software Infrastructure for NLP. In Proceedings of the Conference on New Methods in Natural Language Processing (NeMLaP-2), Bilkent University, Turkey, Sep, 1996. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.CL/9607025. Local PostScript.

R. Gaizauskas, H. Cunningham, Y. Wilks, P. Rodgers, and K. Humphreys. GATE: An Environment to Support Research and Development in Natural Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, Toulouse, France, 1996. Abstract, Postscript

H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas. GATE -- a General Architecture for Text Engineering. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-96), Copenhagen, Aug, 1996. PostScript.

H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas. Software Infrastructure for Language Engineering. In Proceedings of the AISB Workshop on Language Engineering for Document Analysis and Recognition, Brighton, U.K. Apr, 1996.

H. Cunningham and M. Freeman and W.J. Black. Software Reuse, Object-Oriented Frameworks and Natural Language Processing. In New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP-1), September 1994, (Re-published in book form 1997 by UCL Press), Manchester, 1994.

### PhD and MSc Theses

H. Cunningham. Software Architecture for Language Engineering. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000.

M. Dimitrov. A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text. MSc Thesis, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 2002. PDF

P. Lal. Text Summarization. MSc Thesis , Imperial College, London, 2002. PDF.

### Tech reports etc.

H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and V. Tablan. JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine (Second Edition). Technical report CS--00--10, University of Sheffield, Department of Computer Science, 2000. PostScript.

D. Maynard and H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and R. Catizone and G. Demetriou and R. Gaizauskas and O. Hamza and M. Hepple and P. Herring and B. Mitchell and M. Oakes and W. Peters and A. Setzer and M. Stevenson and V. Tablan and C. Ursu and Y. Wilks. A Survey of Uses of GATE. Technical report CS--00--06, University of Sheffield, Department of Computer Science, 2000. HTML.

H. Brugman and K. Bontcheva and P. Wittenburg and H. Cunningham. Integrating Multimedia and Textual Software Architectures for Language Technology. Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Nethedlands, 1999.

H. Cunningham. JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, May, 1999.

H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and M. Stower. CREOLE Developer's Manual. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. 1996. http://gate.ac.uk/.

R. Gaizauskas and P. Rodgers and H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys. GATE User Guide. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. 1996. http://gate.ac.uk/.

K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and S. Azzam. CREOLE Module Specifications. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://gate.ac.uk//.

H. Cunningham and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks. A General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) -- a new approach to Language Engineering R&D. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.CL/9601009.

    @ARTICLE{Cun02a,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
            JOURNAL            = {Computers and the Humanities},
            TITLE              = {{GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering
    }},
      PAGES      = {223-254},
      VOLUME       = {36},
            YEAR               = {2002}
    }

    @InProceedings{McE02,
      author =   {P. Baker and A. Hardie and T. McEnery and H. Cunningham and R. Gaizauskas},
      title =    {{EMILLE, A 67-Million Word Corpus of Indic Languages: Data Collection, Mark-up and Harmonisation}},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC'2002)},
      year =     2002,
      pages = {819-825}
    }

    @InProceedings{Cun02b,
      author =   {H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan},
      title =    {{GATE: A framework and graphical development environment
                      for robust NLP tools and applications}},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of the 40th Anniversary Meeting of the
                      Association for Computational Linguistics},
      year =     2002
    }

    @UNPUBLISHED{May01,
            AUTHOR             = {Diana Maynard and Valentin Tablan and Cristian Ursu and Hamish Cunningham and Yorick Wilks},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            TITLE              = {{Named Entity Recognition from Diverse Text Types}},
            NOTE       = {{\small Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2001 Conference, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria.}},
            YEAR               = {2001}
    }

    @ARTICLE{McE00,
            AUTHOR             = {A.M. McEnery and P. Baker and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham},
            JOURNAL            = {Vivek, A Quarterly in Artificial Intelligence},
            NUMBER             = {3},
            PAGES              = {23-32},
            TITLE              = {{EMILLE: Building a Corpus of South Asian Languages}},
            VOLUME             = {13},
            YEAR               = {2000}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{Cun00e,
      AUTHOR          = {H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and V. Tablan},
      INSTITUTION     = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
      MONTH           = Nov,
      NUMBER          = {CS--00--10},
      TITLE           = {{JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine (Second Edition)}},
      TYPE            = {Research Memorandum},
      YEAR            = {2000}
    }

    @PHDTHESIS{Cun00a,
            AUTHOR             = {Hamish Cunningham},
            SCHOOL             = {University of Sheffield},
            TITLE              = {{Software Architecture for Language Engineering}},
            YEAR               = {2000},
      NOTE       = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00d,
      AUTHOR    = {H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and W. Peters and Y. Wilks},
      TITLE   = {{Uniform language resource access and distribution in the context of a General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE)}},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Ontologies and Language Resources (OntoLex'2000)},
      ADDRESS   = {Sozopol, Bulgaria},
      MONTH   = {September},
      YEAR    = {2000},
      NOTE    = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ontolex/ontolex.ps}}}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{May00a,
            AUTHOR             = {Diana Maynard and Hamish Cunningham and Kalina Bontcheva and  Roberta Catizone and George Demetriou and Robert Gaizauskas and Oana Hamza and Mark Hepple and Patrick Herring and Brian Mitchell and Michael Oakes and Wim Peters and Andrea Setzer and Mark Stevenson and Valentin Tablan and Christian Ursu and Yorick Wilks},
            ADDRESS            = {University of Sheffield},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science},
            NUMBER             = {CS--00--06},
            TITLE              = {{A Survey of Uses of GATE}},
            YEAR               = {2000}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00c,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks},
            ADDRESS            = {Luxembourg},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000},
            TITLE              = {{Experience of using GATE for NLP R\&D}},
            YEAR               = {2000},
      NOTE       = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}} }
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun00b,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Bontcheva and V. Tablan and Y. Wilks},
            ADDRESS            = {Athens},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2)},
            TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Language Resources: a Taxonomy of Previous Work and a Requirements Analysis}},
            YEAR               = {2000},
      NOTE       = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}} }
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Bon00a,
            AUTHOR             = {Bontcheva, K. and Brugman, H. and Russel, A. and Wittenburg, P. and Cunningham, H.},
            ADDRESS            = {Luxembourg},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems at COLING-2000},
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
            TITLE              = {{An Experiment in Unifying Audio-Visual and Textual Infrastructures for Language Processing R\&D}},
            YEAR               = {2000}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Gamback00,
            AUTHOR             = {Gamb\"{a}ck, B. and Olsson, F.},
            ADDRESS            = {Athens, Greece},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)},
            PAGES              = {155-160},
            TITLE              = {{Experiences of Language Engineering Algorithm Reuse}},
            YEAR               = {2000}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun99a,
            AUTHOR             = {Cunningham, H. and Gaizauskas, R.G. and Humphreys, K. and Wilks, Y.},
            ADDRESS            = {Edinburgh, U.K.},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Workshop on Reference Architectures and Data Standards for NLP},
            PUBLISHER          = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
            MONTH              = apr,
            TITLE              = {{Experience with a Language Engineering Architecture: Three Years of GATE}},
            YEAR               = {1999}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun98a,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and W. Peters and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain},
            TITLE              = {{A Level Playing Field for Language Resource Evaluation}},
            YEAR               = {1998}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun97a,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP-97)},
            MONTH              = mar,
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9702005}}},
            TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Natural Language Processing}},
            YEAR               = {1997}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Gai96b,
            AUTHOR             = {R.G. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and P. Rodgers and K. Humphreys},
            ADDRESS            = {Toulouse, France},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI-96)},
            MONTH              = oct,
            TITLE              = {{GATE -- an Environment to Support Research and Development in Natural Language Engineering}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @InProceedings{Cun98,
      author =       {Cunningham, H. and Stevenson, M. and Wilks, Y.},
      title =        {{Implementing a Sense Tagger within a General Architecture for Language Engineering}},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of the Third Conference on New Methods in Language Engineering (NeMLaP-3)},
      year =         {1998},
      address =      {Sydney, Australia},
      pages =        {59-72}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Ste98,
            AUTHOR             = {Stevenson, M. and Cunningham, H. and Wilks, Y.},
            ADDRESS            = {Brighton, UK},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-98)},
            PAGES              = {185-189},
            TITLE              = {Sense Tagging and Language Engineering},
            YEAR               = {1998}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Pet98a,
            AUTHOR             = {W. Peters and H. Cunningham and C. McCauley and K. Bontcheva and Y. Wilks},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Workshop on Distributing and Accessing Lexical Resources at Conference on Language Resources Evaluation, Granada, Spain},
            TITLE              = {{Uniform Language Resource Access and Distribution}},
            YEAR               = {1998}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun97e,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the TIPSTER Text Program (Phase III) 6 Month Workshop},
            MONTH              = may,
            ORGANIZATION       = {DARPA},
            PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
            TITLE              = {{GATE -- a TIPSTER-based General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
            YEAR               = {1997}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96h,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and Y. Wilks},
            BOOKTITLE          = {{Advances in Text Processing, TIPSTER Program Phase II}},
            ORGANIZATION       = {DARPA},
            PUBLISHER          = {Morgan Kaufmann, California},
            TITLE              = {{TIPSTER-Compatible Projects at Sheffield}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96c,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R.J. Gaizauskas},
            ADDRESS            = {Bilkent University, Turkey},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the Conference on New Methods in Natural Language Processing (NeMLaP-2)},
            MONTH              = sep,
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9607025}}},
            TITLE              = {{New Methods, Current Trends and Software Infrastructure for NLP}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96b,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas},
            ADDRESS            = {Copenhagen},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-96)},
            MONTH              = aug,
            TITLE              = {{GATE -- a General Architecture for Text Engineering}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun96,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and Y. Wilks and R. Gaizauskas},
            ADDRESS            = {Brighton, U.K.},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Proceedings of the AISB Workshop on Language Engineering for Document Analysis and Recognition},
            MONTH              = apr,
            TITLE              = {{Software Infrastructure for Language Engineering}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Cun94,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and M. Freeman and W.J. Black},
            ADDRESS            = {Manchester},
            BOOKTITLE          = {New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP-1), September 1994},
            PUBLISHER          = {(Re-published in book form 1997 by UCL Press)},
            TITLE              = {{Software Reuse, Object-Oriented Frameworks and Natural Language Processing}},
            YEAR               = {1994}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{Bru99a,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Brugman and K. Bontcheva and P. Wittenburg and H. Cunningham},
            ADDRESS            = {Nijmegen, Nethedlands},
            INSTITUTION        = {Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics},
            TITLE              = {{Integrating Multimedia and Textual Software Architectures for Language Technology}},
            TYPE               = {Technical report MPI-TG-99-1},
            YEAR               = {1999}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{Cun99d,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            MONTH              = may,
            NUMBER             = {CS -- 99 -- 06},
            TITLE              = {{JAPE: a Java Annotation Patterns Engine}},
            TYPE               = {Research Memorandum},
            YEAR               = {1999}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{Cun96g,
            AUTHOR             = {H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and M. Stower},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
            ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield.},
            TITLE              = {{CREOLE Developer's Manual}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @UNPUBLISHED{Gai96d,
            AUTHOR             = {R. Gaizauskas and P. Rodgers and H. Cunningham and K. Humphreys},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
            ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield.},
            TITLE              = {{GATE User Guide}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @UNPUBLISHED{Hum96,
            AUTHOR             = {K. Humphreys and R. Gaizauskas and H. Cunningham and S. Azzam},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            ORGANIZATION       = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            TITLE              = {{CREOLE Module Specifications}},
      NOTE       = {{\small {\tt http://gate.ac.uk/}}},
            YEAR               = {1996}
    }

    @TECHREPORT{Cun95,
            AUTHOR             = {Cunningham, H. and Gaizauskas, R.G. and Wilks, Y.},
            INSTITUTION        = {Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield},
            NOTE               = {{\small {\tt http://xxx.lanl.gov/\-abs/cs.CL/9601009}}},
            NUMBER             = {CS -- 95 -- 21},
            TITLE              = {{A General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) -- a new approach to Language Engineering R\&D}},
            YEAR               = {1995}
    }

    @MastersThesis{Lal02a,
      author = 	 {P. Lal},
      title = 	 {Text Summarisation},
      school = 	 {Imperial College, London},
      year = 	 2002
    }

    @InProceedings{Lal02b,
      author = 	 {P. Lal and S. Ruger},
      title = 	 {Extract-based Summarization with Simplification},
      booktitle = 	 {{Proc. of ACL 2002 Automatic Summarization / DUC 2002
        Workshop}},
      year =	 2002
    }

    @Article{May02a,
      author =   {Diana Maynard and Valentin Tablan and Hamish Cunningham and Cristian Ursu and Horacio Saggion and Kalina Bontcheva and Yorick Wilks},
      title =    {Architectural Elements of Language Engineering Robustness},
      journal =    {Journal of Natural Language Engineering -- Special Iisue on Robust Methods in Analysis of Natural Language Data},
      year =   2002,
      note =   {forthcoming}

    @InProceedings{Tablan02,
      author =   {V. Tablan and C. Ursu and K. Bontcheva and H. Cunningham and D. Maynard and O. Hamza and Tony McEnery and Paul Baker and Mark Leisher},
      title =    {A Unicode-based Environment for Creation and Use of Language Resources},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
      year =     {2002}
    }

    @InProceedings{Saggion02,
      author =   {Saggion, Horacio and Cunningham, Hamish and Maynard, Diana and Bontcheva, Kalina and Hamza, Oana and Ursu, Cristian and Wilks, Yorick},
      title =    {Extracting Information for Information Indexing of Multimedia Material},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
      year =     2002
    }

    @InProceedings{Pastra02,
      author =   {Katerina Pastra and Diana Maynard and Hamish Cunningham and Oana Hamza and Yorick Wilks},
      title =    {How feasible is the reuse of grammars for Named Entity Recognition?},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of 3rd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
      year =     2002
    }

    @InProceedings{May02c,
      author = 	 {Hamish Cunningham and Diana Maynard and Kalina Bontcheva and Valentin Tablan},
      title = 	 {{GATE: A framework and graphical development environment
                      for robust NLP tools and applications}},
      booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of the 40th Anniversary Meeting of the
                      Association for Computational Linguistics},
      year =	 2002
    }

    @InCollection{May02d,
       author =       {Diana Maynard, Hamish Cunningham, Rob Gaizauskas},
       title =        {Named Entity Recognition at Sheffield University},
       booktitle =    {Nordic Language Technology -- Arbog for Nordisk
                       Sprogtechnologisk Forskningsprogram 2002-2004},
       pages =        {141-145},
       publisher =    {Museum Tusculanums Forlag},
       year =         2002,
       editor =       {Henrik Holmboe}
     }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Bon02a,
            AUTHOR             = {K. Bontcheva and H. Cunningham and V. Tablan and  D. Maynard  and H. Saggion},
            ADDRESS            = {Aix-en-Provence, France},
            BOOKTITLE          = {3rd International Workshop on Natural Language and Information Systems (NLIS'2002)},
            PUBLISHER          = {IEEE Computer Society Press},
            TITLE              = {{Developing Reusable and Robust Language Processing Components for Information Systems using GATE}},
            YEAR               = {2002}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Saggion&al2002b,
            AUTHOR             = {Saggion, H. and Cunningham, H.  and Bontcheva, K., and Maynard, D. and Ursu, C. and Hamza, O. and Wilks, Y.},
            ADDRESS            = {Stockholm, Sweden},
            BOOKTITLE          = {7th Workshop on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2002)},
            PAGES              = {xxx},
            TITLE              = {{Access to Multimedia Information through Multisource and Multilanguage Information Extraction}},
            YEAR               = {2002}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{Bon02c,
            AUTHOR             = {K. Bontcheva and M. Dimitrov and D. Maynard and V. Tablan and H. Cunningham},
            ADDRESS            = {Nancy, France},
            BOOKTITLE          = {Cha\^ines de r\'ef\'erences et r\'esolveurs d'anaphores, workshop TALN 2002},
            TITLE              = {{Shallow Methods for Named Entity Coreference Resolution}},
            YEAR               = {2002}
    }

    @INPROCEEDINGS{May02b,
            AUTHOR             = {D. Maynard and H. Cunningham and
                      K. Bontcheva and M. Dimitrov},
            TITLE              = {{Adapting A Robust Multi-Genre NE System for
                      Automatic Content Extraction}},
            BOOKTITLE               = {{The Tenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications  (AIMSA 2002)}},
            YEAR               = {2002}
    }

    @InProceedings{May02e,
      author =   {Diana Maynard and Kalina Bontcheva and Horacio Saggion and Hamish Cunningham and Oana Hamza},
      title =    {Using a Text Engineering Framework to Build an Extendable and Portable {IE}-based Summarisation System},
      booktitle =    {Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Text Summarisation},
      year =     2002
    }

    @InProceedings{Dim02b,
      author = 	 {M. Dimitrov and K. Bontcheva and H. Cunningham and D. Maynard},
      title = 	 {{A Light-weight Approach to Coreference Resolution for Named Entities in Text}},
      booktitle = 	 {Proceedings of the Fourth Discourse Anaphora and  Anaphor
    Resolution Colloquium (DAARC)},
      year =	 2002,
      address =	 {Lisbon}
    }